Compounding, drug information

Table 1. Topical Corticosteroid Compounds—Drug Facts and Comparisons vs AFIFSDrug Information...

The following chemical databases are available for searching in MACCS-II. ChemicalDirectoy Database contains a combined catalogue of 66 commercial suppHers of more than 77,000 organic chemicals. AL4.CCS-II Drug Data eport based on the Prous Dmg Data Report, includes 39,000 compounds with information on therapeutic indication, biological action, phase of development, related patents, and Hterature references. MUSE Database the tutorial database for MACCS-II, contains over 100 compounds. 

The application areas for LC-MS, as will be illustrated later, are diverse, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative determinations of both high-and low-molecular-weight materials, including synthetic polymers, biopolymers, environmental pollutants, pharmaceutical compounds (drugs and their metabolites) and natural products. In essence, it is used for any compounds which are found in complex matrices for which HPLC is the separation method of choice and where the mass spectrometer provides the necessary selectivity and sensitivity to provide quantitative information and/or it provides structural information that cannot be obtained by using other detectors. 

In the absence of stability information that is applicable to a specific drug and preparation, the following maximum beyond-use dates are recommended for nonsterile compounded drug precautions that are packaged in tight, light-resistant containers and stored at controlled room temperature unless otherwise indicated. ... 

Chemo- genomics BaC Use information on targets to identify specific modulators, then look for phenotypes Compounds/drugs for novel targets Select targets Identify inhibitor Broadly assay for phenotypes... 

From these techniques, very detailed information is obtained for a few compounds per iteration. This level of detail is generally unnecessary early in the drug development process and, as the number of compounds is limited, the information gained is not widely applicable to prediction of properties of diverse compounds. The information is useful when, for example, considering how a specihc disease state would affect the pharmacokinetics of a compound. PBPK models use information relating to the functioning of the tissues and the rate at which blood presents compounds to that tissue. For example, predictions could be made as to how the pharmacokinetics of a compound would be affected when administered to a patient suffering from renal or hepatic failure etc. 

With this federal government support, professional pharmacy bodies have established practice standards, measurable performance indicators, and pharmacy accreditation programs. The standards address health promotion, drug dispensing, dose administration aids, patient counseling, compounding, medication reviews, comprehensive pharmaceutical care, drug information services, liaison pharmacy, and pharmacy services in residential care facilities. 

Lazarowych NJ, Pekos P. Use of fingerprinting and marker compounds for identification and standardization of botanical drugs strategies for applying pharmaceutical HPLC analysis to herbal products. Drug Inform J 1998 32 497-512. 

Patent information is often included in other drug information databases. The Merck Index has long included a patent listing for most of the compounds it covers. Patent references are provided in drug pipeline resources such as PharmaProjects, IDdbS, IMS LifeCycle and IMS Patent Focus. The scope of the information varies from the merely anecdotal to the nearly complete. Although these may be excellent places to start a pharmaceutical patent search, please bear in mind that patent data is not always comprehensive in these types of databases. More detailed information about pipeline databases can be found in the chapter on Competitive Intelligence. ... 

The analysis of potential pharmacodynamic drug interactions is based on comparison of the biological activity spectra in compounds and information from the database of mechanism-effect relationships provided by PharmaExpert. The knowledge base contains data of cause-effect relationships, classifications and antagonism of biological activities (Fig. 11.2). 

The preceding examples with fentanyl have shown that GC-MS coupled with the ion cluster technique can be extremely useful for the recognition of metabolites in complex matrices. Nevertheless, the ion cluster technique requires the availability of the labeled parent drug. Infrared (IR) detection also provides three-dimensional information and can be considered as an alternative to MS detection. The use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) detection allows short-time analysis and great sensitivity compared with dispersive IR instrumentation. Consequently, FTIR has become an important detection mode for GC. It can provide the identification of isomeric compounds and information on the functional groups present. Although GC-FTIR is less sensitive than GC-MS, the information obtained from both techniques is complementary. 

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