Composites. See

Nickel fluoride is used in marking ink compositions (see Inks), for fluorescent lamps (4) as a catalyst in transhalogenation of fluoroolefins (5), in the manufacture of varistors (6), as a catalyst for hydrofluorination (7), in the synthesis of XeF (8), and in the preparation of high purity elemental fluorine for research (9) and for chemical lasers (qv) (10). 

Hardness, Impact Strength. Microhardness profiles on sections from explosion-bonded materials show the effect of strain hardening on the metals in the composite (see Hardness). Figure 8 Ulustrates the effect of cladding a strain-hardening austenitic stainless steel to a carbon steel. The austenitic stainless steel is hardened adjacent to the weld interface by explosion welding, whereas the carbon steel is not hardened to a great extent. 

Sintered Materials or Cermets. Heavy weights and high landing speeds of modem aircraft or high speed trains require friction materials that ate extremely stable thermally. Organic or semimetallic friction matenals ate frequendy unsatisfactory for these appHcations. Cermet friction materials ate metal-bonded ceramic compositions (see Composite materials) (12—14). The metal matrix may be copper or iron (15). 

Phospha.tes, Pentasodium triphosphate [7758-29-4] sodium tripolyphosphate, STPP, Na P O Q, is the most widely used and most effective builder in heavy-duty fabric washing compositions (see also Phosphoric acid and phosphates). It is a strong sequestrant for calcium and magnesium, with a p c of ca 6, and provides exceUent suspending action for soils. Because of its high sequestration power, it also finds extensive appHcation in automatic-dishwashing detergents. Sodium tripolyphosphate forms stable hydrates and thus aids in the manufacture of crisp spray-dried laundry powders. 

For composition see footnote to Table 2-310. Some values read from charts are approximate. Material used hy permission of DuPont Fluoroproducts. 

In practical terms the above analysis is tcx) simplistic, particularly in regard to the assumption that the stresses in the fibre and matrix are equal. Generally the fibres are dispersed at random on any cross-section of the composite (see Fig. 3.8) and so the applied force will be shared by the fibres and matrix but not necessarily equally. Other inaccuracies also arise due to the mis-match of the Poisson s ratios for the fibres and matrix. Several other empirical equations have been suggested to take these factors into account. One of these is the Halpin-Tsai equation which has the following form... 

Next, a global representation of all process lean streams is developed as a lean composite stream. First, we establish Ns/> lean composition scales (one for each process MSA) that are in one-to-one coirespondence with the rich scale according to the method outlined in Section 3.5. Next, the mass of pollutant that can be gained by each process MSA is plotted vei us the composition scale of that MSA. Hence, each i xx ess MSA is represented as an arrow extending between supply and target compositions (see Fig. 3.5 for a two-MSA example). Ihe vertical distance between the arrow head and tail is given by... 

Calomel, derived from the Greek words icaX6-g (beautiful) and fXsXaf (black), seems an odd name for a white solid. It might arise from the colour of the material obtained when Hg2Cl2 is treated with ammonia this is a product of variable composition (see below) which owes its colour to the presence of metallic mercury. Other more fanciful derivations are listed in the Oxford English Dictionary 2, 41 (1970). 

Other authors have used coupling constants instead of (or simultaneously with) chemical shifts. In some cases they have been determined by NMR spectroscopy, in other cases, labeled compounds and or NMR spectroscopies have provided these couplings. These couplings have been used for determining tautomeric composition (see the discussion by Begtrup in 87MI371). Most examples involved and... 

In batch operations, mixing takes place until a desired composition or concentration of chemical products or solids/crystals is achieved. For continuous operation, the feed, intermediate, and exit streams will not necessarily be of the same composition, but the objective is for the end/exit stream to be of constant composition as a result of the blending, mixing, chemical reaction, solids suspension, gas dispension, or other operations of the process. Perfect mixing is rarely totally achieved, but represents the instantaneous conversion of the feed to the final bulk and exit composition (see Figure 5-26). 

The calculation of the ionic composition (see Fig. 66) is based on the assumption that the salts dissociate completely, yielding potassium ions, K+, fluorine ions, F, and complex fluorotantalete ions, TaF or TaF72, as described below ... 

Oxamide has been used as a stabilizer for NC prepns (Ref 6), as a coolant in propint formulations because the amt of smoke contributed by it was small (Ref 2), and as a component of Oxamide Explosive Composition (see below)... 

Photoflash Compositions. See under Pyrotechnics, Military in this Vol... 

Because the mass percentage composition is independent of the size of the sample— in the language of Section A, it is an intensive property—every sample of the substance has that same composition. A principal technique for determining the mass percentage composition of an unknown organic compound is combustion analysis. Chemists commonly send samples to a laboratory or agency for combustion analysis and receive the results as mass percentage composition (see Section M). 

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