PANI/Graphene Composites

For example, PANI/graphene composites (PAGCs) display outstanding barrier properties against corrodants (e.g., and H O or species like Cl,, CO, and PO " ions) compared with neat PANI and... 

Figure 4.12 Scheme of the in-situ electrochemical polymerization process of the nanorod-PANI-graphene composite film (reprinted from [135] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry). 

Three-dimensional (3D) polyaniline (PANI)-graphene nanoribbon (GNR)-carbon nanotube (CNT) composite, PANI-GNR-CNT, was prepared via in-situ polymerization of aniline monomer on the surface of a GNR-CNT hybrid. This hierarchical PANI-GNR-CNT composite with the two-electrode cell assembly showed much higher specific capacitance (890 F/g) than the GNR-CNT hybrid (195 F/g) and neat PANI (283 F/g) at a discharge current density of 0.5 A/g. This composite exhibited good cycling stability with a retention ratio of 89% after 1000 cycles [63]. 

The ternary composites of graphene, CNTs and CPs are the solution of discussed problems in the present research field and future perspectives. Zhang et al. [93] reported composites of CNT, ethyl-vinyl-acetate and PANI with a 3D co-continuous phase structure having SC of 1105 Fg and excellent cycling performance over 45,000 cycles. The future perspective of the nano composites with high surface area lies in the ternary composites of graphene, CNTs and CPs which can have high cyclic stability as well as effective in accession of the electrolyte to the electrode in the redox mechanism. 

Ma and co-workers [26] reported the synthesis of graphene/zinc ferrite/PANI composites, which are photocatalytic inorganic antibacterial agents that show great potential and are prepared via in situ polymerisation and characterised using modern... 

HGURE 4.4 Electrical properties of polymer composites. (A) The electrical conductivity of the PS/graphene composite as a function of graphene volume fraction. (B) The electrical conductivity of directly mixing (DM) CNT/PANI and CNT/ PANI nanofibers with different CNT contents in the directions being parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. 

It was reported that the synthesis of mesoporous PANI film on ultrathin graphene nanosheets is favorable for high-performance supercapacitors (Wang et al., 2014b). Due to the mesoporous structure of the composite electrode, it dramatically improved the specific capacitance, rate capability, and cyclic stability in comparison to the bare PANI. The composite displayed specific capacitance of 749 F g at 0.5 A g in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte and retained by 73% at 5.0 A g i, much higher than 315 F g at 0.5 A g i and 39% retention at 5.0 A g for the pristine PANI. In addition, the composite can maintain 88% of... 

Abbreviations AC, activated carbon NWs, nanowires composite rGO, reduced graphene oxide PMT, poly(3-methyl thiophene) PANI, polyaniline and MWCNTs, midtiwalled... 

Fabrication of freestanding thin-film composite electrodes by electrodeposition was first reported by Wang et al. [85]. In this work, freestanding and flexible graphene composite paper was used as the working electrode on which a PANi film was formed by an in situ anodic electropol mierization technique... 

Fig. 7.7). The infusion of PANi into the voids of the graphene paper not only improved its mechanical properties but also the ion accessibility. This graphene-based composite paper electrode showed an electrochemical capacitance of 233 F/g, twice the value obtained for a pure graphene electrode. 

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