Composite data type examples

It is essential to keep the association of ki unit with ki in order to accurately express the value. It is also important that units for one data value are not accidentally associated with those for a different column. Naming the corresponding columns as above (ki and ki unit, ec50 andecSO unit) helps, but using a composite data type actually enforces the correct association. This is another example of how database integrity can be increased. When the cone data type is used, this table becomes ... 

When using a composite data type, the external representation of the value is different than the basic SQL data types. The components are represented as usual for number and text data types, but parentheses are used to associate the component values. For example, (1.74,nM) is the external representation of the cone value 1.74 nanoMolar. The following SQL produces sample output for an arbitrary compound id. 

The individual components of the composite data type are also accessible using SQL. In this way, the output format can be altered and the individual components can be used anywhere in an SQL statement. For example, the following SQL produces sample output as shown below. 

For every standard SQL data type available in PostgreSQL, there is a corresponding array data type. While it is possible to define a composite data type for coordinates, consider using the array data type. For example ... 

Notice that the individual elements of the composite data type value returned by the openbabel.molf ile mol function must be used. Lor example, (openbabel.molfile mol (molf ile)). cansmiles... 

Natural carbonate minerals do not form from pure solutions where the only components are water, calcium, and the carbonic acid system species. Because of the general phenomenon known as coprecipitation, at least trace amounts of all components present in the solution from which a carbonate mineral forms can be incorporated into the solid. Natural carbonates contain such coprecipitates in concentrations ranging from trace (e.g., heavy metals), to minor (e.g., Sr), to major (e.g., Mg). When the concentration of the coprecipitate reaches major (>1%) concentrations, it can significantly alter the chemical properties of the carbonate mineral, such as its solubility. The most important example of this mineral property in marine sediments is the magnesian calcites, which commonly contain in excess of 12 mole % Mg. The fact that natural carbonate minerals contain coprecipitates whose concentrations reflect the composition of the solution and conditions, such as temperature, under which their formation took place, means that there is potentially a large amount of information which can be obtained from the study of carbonate mineral composition. This type of information allied with stable isotope ratio data, which are influenced by many of the same environmental factors, has become a major area of study in carbonate geochemistry. 

Case 2 The residues in the food as consumed do not correspond to the available composite residue data. For example, a Case 2 commodity typically is consumed in discrete units, usually with no more than four units per eating occasion. Commodities of this type would be apples, bananas, oranges, and so on. Case 2 also applies for large commodities... 

Various standardized analyses have been developed to determine the chemical composition of coals. Among them are the proximate analyses, which quantify the volatile and non-volatile components, and the ultimate analyses, which determine the elemental composition. These, and examples of other types of analyses, are listed in Table 4.5. Data are often recorded on a dry and ash-free (daf) basis, because of the variable amount of unbound water (particularly in brown coals) and inorganic minerals that may be present. A mineral-matter-free (mmf) rather than simple ash-free basis is often used for elemental composition in order to take account of the oxides, sulphides etc., and also the water of crystallization in inorganic minerals, when calculating the composition of the organic matter. 

A composite type is defined in terms of existing data types. For example, the following SQL defines a new data type for concentration values. 

It must be noted that in this plot, the composition of one component is plotted against that of another component, both in the same phase (i.e., liquid). This is different from the x y plot typically used in McCabe Thiele type examples where compositions of the same component in different phases (liquid and vapor) are plotted against each other. In accordance with the definition of a residue curve plot, the change in the liquid phase (only) is tracked. Of course, the change in the vapor composition can be similarly tracked this is not shown, but can be easily generated from the data given in Figure 2.2. 

The second source of information about the early solar nebula comes from the primitive meteorites, which provide ages of 4.55 Ae. Although many classes of meteorites show elemental fractionations, the Type 1 carbonaceous chondrites (or Cl, where I = Ivuna, the type example of this class of meteorites) have a composition (excluding the volatile elements by which are meant in this context H, C, N, O and the rare gases) which is close to that of the relative abundances, normalised to Si, derived from the solar spectra. Lanthanide data are given in table 6. A comparison of the solar and meteoritic data is plotted in fig. 3 which shows the close correspondence between the two sets. This similarity is one of the pieces of evidence that we are dealing with the overall composition of the original solar... 

C. ESCA Studies of Structural Details. Copolymers of ethylene/ tetrafluoroethylene. So far we have shown how a consideration of the detailed structure of the C core levels of certain copolymers may be used to obtain information on composition. A further example which also illustrates the utility of ESCA for providing structural data is provided by studies of copolymers of ethylene and tetra-fluoroethylene. Fig. 3 shows the C and Fjs levels for a series of samples of varying bulk composition. From the ESCA data, the copolymer compositions may be calculated in two independent ways. Firstly, from the relative ratios of the high to low binding energy peaks in the C g spectrum attributable to F2 and H2 type environments respectively. Secondly, from the overall C /F intensity ratios taken in conjunction with data obtained from the study of the homopolymers previously discussed. The results are tabulated in Table 7. 

Entities are the basic data structures of the schema. They are defined by structured collections of one or more data attributes. An attribute provides detail of part of an entity description. There are mainly two types of attribute, predefined and composite. Predefined attribute types include integer, real, logical, and string. Composite types are declared explicitly in the schema - for example, the attribute type REF PART LIBRARY which indicates a reference to an entity in a part library by grouping the three necessary attributes together will be defined as a composite attribute. Some collections of attributes may appear both as entities and as composite attributes, for example POINT. ... 

Scientists are always on the lookout for patterns. When a pattern is observed in the data, it can be stated as a scientific law, a succinct summary of a wide range of observations. For example, water was found to have eight times the mass of oxygen as it has of hydrogen, regardless of the source of the water or the size of the sample. One of the earliest laws of chemistry summarized those types of observations as the law of constant composition, which states that a compound has the same composition regardless of the source of the sample. 

Having chosen the test mixture and mobile diase composition, the chromatogram is run, usually at a fairly fast chart speed to reduce errors associated with the measurement of peak widths, etc.. Figure 4.10. The parameters calculated from the chromatogram are the retention volume and capacity factor of each component, the plate count for the unretained peak and at least one of the retained peaks, the peak asymmetry factor for each component, and the separation factor for at least one pair of solutes. The pressure drop for the column at the optimum test flow rate should also be noted. This data is then used to determine two types of performance criteria. These are kinetic parameters, which indicate how well the column is physically packed, and thermodynamic parameters, which indicate whether the column packing material meets the manufacturer s specifications. Examples of such thermodynamic parameters are whether the percentage oi bonded... 

Although often it is considered that a single reaction mechanism occurs in the selective reduction of NO by ammonia, data show that instead different mechanisms are possible and that too depending on the type of catalyst and reaction conditions (feed composition, reaction temperature) - one mechanism may prevail over the others [31b], However, not considering this aspect and making extrapolation regarding the reaction mechanism from one catalyst to another or to different reaction conditions may lead to erroneous conclusions. In addition, it is important to consider all possible opportunities to develop new kinds of catalysts, for example, for the combined removal of NO and N20 from nitric acid plant emissions [25],... 

Although the approach is theoretically sound, both the proposed relationships between capillary pressure and saturation (Equations 6.23 and 6.24) are highly nonlinear and limited in practicality by the requirement of multiparameter identification. In addition, due to the inherent soil heterogeneities and difference in LNAPL composition, the identified parameters at one location cannot be automatically applied to another location at the same site, or less so at another site. For example, Farr et al. (1990) has reported the Brooks-Corey and van Genutchen parameters, X, ii, and o.a0, for seven different porous media based on least-square regression of laboratory data. The parameters are found to vary about one order of magnitude and do not show any specific correlation for a particular soil type. 

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