Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuit

Miniaturization of electronic devices in integrated circuits (ICs) has both technological and physical limits. Since 30-40 years only a semiconductor technology, mostly the CMOS FET (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor) and the TTL (transistor-transistor logic) technologies are used for fabrication of integrated circuits in the industrial scale. Probably the CMOS technology will be used at least in the next 10-15 years. 

The source and drain are both p-type if the current flowing is holes. Surface field effect transistors have become the dominant type of transistor used in integrated circuits, which can contain up to one billion transistors plus resistors, capacitors, and the very thinnest of deposited connection wires made from aluminum, copper, or gold. The field effect transistors are simpler to produce than junction transistors and have many fevorable electrical characteristics. The names of various field effect transistors go by the abbreviations MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor), PMOS (p-type metal-oxide semiconductor), NMOS (n-type metal-oxide semiconductor), CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor—uses both p-type unipolar and n-type unipolar). 

The element below carbon in the periodic table is that of silicon. When purified from sand (one source), this is the basis of the solid-state semiconductor industry, as we know it today. Indeed, owing to the increasing prevalence of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)-based integrated circuits and the ever-decreasing size of the transistor (over a billion transistors can now be squeezed into a single cm-by-cm-sized chip), more silicon-based transistors have been manufactured than anything else summed over the entire history of mankind. 

Micro lithium-ion batteries can be used as either the main or the backup power source of MEMSs. They can be manufactured independent of the MEMS and can be connected externally to the MEMS. They can also be embedded as a power source for one component of the MEMS, which can reduce the power consumption of the integrated circuit. Micro medical devices, remote sensors, mini transmitters, smart cards, biochips, and micro operators for the human body can also use them a as main or backup power source. They also can be used for memory cards and computer complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOSs). 

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