Common Names of Chemicals

Copper(II) sulfate is an example of a hydrate. The anhydrous compound, CUSO4, is a nearly white powder. Each formula unit of CUSO4 combines with five water molecules in the hydrate, which is a blue crystal (Fig. 6.4). Its formula is CUSO4 5 H2O. The number of water molecules that crystallize with each formula unit of the anhydrous compound is shown after the anhydrous formula, separated by a dot. This number is 5 for the hydrate of copper(II) sulfate. The equation for the dehydration of this compound is 

Just as in binary molecular compounds, prefixes are used to indicate the number of water molecules in a formula unit of a hydrate (see Table 6.1). By this system, CUSO4 5 H2O is called copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, since penta- is the prefix for 5. 

Throughout this chapter we have emphasized memorizing certain names and formulas and some prefixes and suffixes. They are the basis for the system of chemical nomenclature. Once you have memorized them, you simply apply the system to the different names and formulas you encounter. Table 6.9 summarizes all the ideas that have been presented. It should help you learn this nomenclature system. 

Gypsum is the common name for CaS04 2 HjO, which has the chemical name calcium sulfate dihydrate. 

Every day we encounter and use a large number of chemicals. Many of these are listed in Table 6.10, along with their common names, chemical names, and chemical formulas. How many of these do you recognize How many did you learn to name in this chapter  

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Common names of chemical compounds are generally much shorter than the corresponding systematic names. The systematic names for water, ammonia, and methane, for example, are dihydrogen monoxide, H20 trihydrogen nitride, NH3 and tetrahydrogen carbide, CH4. For these compounds, which would you rather use common names or systematic names ... 

It is important to know both the formal and common names of chemicals because both are part of the language of chemistry. 

Names of Ionic Compounds Flydrates Summary of the Nomenclature System Common Names of Chemicals... 

Many of these trivial names have been nsed for a century or more, and many wUl continue to be used well into the future in spite of attempts to standardize the system for naming chemical compounds. Table 6.10 has many more common names of chemicals. 

Epichlorohydnn is the common name of an industrial chemical used as a component in epoxy cement The molecular formula of epichlorohydnn is C3H5CIO Epichlorohydnn has an epoxide functional group it does not have a methyl group Write a structural formula for epichloro hydrin... 

P. A. Cunniff, ed.. Official Methods of Analysis of AO AC International, 16th ed., Vols. I and II, AO AC International, Arlington, Va., 1995. Vol. I includes Pesticide Formulations and Pesticide Residues. Over 2100 coUabotatively tested, approved methods for chemical and microbiological analyses, with 149 new methods, 103 revised/updated methods, methods using anibody-based test kits, enzyme immunoassay, and annual supplements containing new and revised methods chemical and common names of all dmgs and pesticides easy-to-locate references. 

Chlorendic anhydride is the common name of the Diels-Alder adduct of maleic anhydride and hexachlorocyclopentadiene, 3,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloroendomethylene-l,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthahc anhydride (HET). The resultant resins from HET contribute to the flame retardancy of the alkyd coatings. HET gives a greater reaction rate than phthaUc anhydride, to the extent that at 204—210°C the reaction rate approximates that of phthaUc anhydride at a temperature of 238°C (8). However, the resins tend to develop darker color, particularly at high processing temperature. Tetrachlorophthahc anhydride [117-08-8] made by conventional chlorination of phthaUc anhydride, would also impart flame retardancy to its alkyds. However, it is appreciably less soluble in the usual processing solvents than is phthaUc anhydride, and is reported to be of appreciably lower chemical reactivity (8). 

Preparations appear in the alphabetical order of common names of the compounds. Eor convenience in surveying the literature concerning any preparation through Chemical Abstracts subject indexes, the Chemical Abstracts indexing name for each compound is given as a subtitle if it differs from the common name used as the title. 

Chemical Designation - A list of common synonyms is given. Synonym names are alternative systematic chemical names and commonly used trivial names for chemicals. An index of synonyms is provided at the end of the handbook to assist the reader in identifying a particular chemical and researching chemical hazards information in the event that the common name of the chemical is not known. The data field also contains the chemical formula. The chemical formula is limited to a commonly used one-line formula. In the case of some organic chemical compounds it has not been possible to represent the chemical structure within such limitation. 

Chemical and common names of each luizardous ingredient ... 

For a hazardous chemical mixmre tliat has been tested as a whole to determine its liazards, the chemical and common names of the ingredients tliat are associated with the hazards, mid tlie common name of the mixture must be listed. 

If the chemical is a mixture tliat has not been tested as a whole, tlie chemical and common names of all ingredients determined to be healtli hazards mid compromising 1 percent or greater of the composition must be listed. 

Chemical and common names of carcinogens must be listed if they are present in the mixture at levels of 0.1 percent or greater. 

Chemical and common names of all ingredients determined to be healtli liazards mid comprising less than 1 percent (0.1 percent for carcinogens) of tlie mi.xlure must also be listed if they can still exceed an established OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or tlic ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV) or present a health risk to exposed employees in tlicsc concentrations. The next chapter will address PELs and TLVs in further detail. 

The common names of these simple alkyl groups are so well entrenched in the chemical literature that IUPAC rules make allowance for them. Thus, the following compound is properly named either 4-(l-methvlethyl)heptane or 4-iso-propylheptane. There is no choice but to memorize these common names fortunately, there are only a few of them. 

Common names of the compounds arc used throughout this volume. Preparations appear in the alphabetical order of common names of the compound or names of the synthetic procedures. The Chemical Abstracts indexing name for each title compound, if it differs from the common name, is given as a subtitle. Because of the major shift to new systematic nomenclature adopted by Chemical Abstracts in 1972, many common names used in the text are immediately followed by the bracketed, new names. Whenever two names are concurrently in use, the correct Chemical Abstracts name is adopted. The prefix n- is deleted from w-alkanes and w-alkyls. In the case of amines, both the common and systematic names are used, depending on which one the Editor-in-Chief feels is more appropriate. All reported dimensions are now expressed in Systeme International units. 

The names are a heterogeneous collection—inventors, companies, institutions, places, acronyms, abbreviations, and obvious corruptions of the chemical nomenclature. Derivations, where known, are indicated in square brackets [ ]. The names of chemicals used in the entries are the traditional names commonly used in industry today. 

Fig. 2.156. Chemical structure and common name of the natural pigments included in the investigation. Reprinted with permission from B. Szostek et al. [328].

The use of surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) as an identification tool in TLC and HPLC has been investigated in detail. The chemical structures and common names of anionic dyes employed as model compounds are depicted in Fig. 3.88. RP-HPLC separations were performed in an ODS column (100 X 3 mm i.d. particla size 5 pm). The flow rate was 0.7 ml/min and dyes were detected at 500 nm. A heated nitrogen flow (200°C, 3 bar) was employed for spraying the effluent and for evaporating the solvent. Silica and alumina TLC plates were applied as deposition substrates they were moved at a speed of 2 mm/min. Solvents A and B were ammonium acetate-acetic acid buffer (pH = 4.7) containing 25 mM tributylammonium nitrate (TBAN03) and methanol, respectively. The baseline separation of anionic dyes is illustrated in Fig. 3.89. It was established that the limits of identification of the deposited dyes were 10 - 20 ng corresponding to the injected concentrations of 5 - 10 /ig/ml. It was further stated that the combined HPLC-(TLC)-SERRS technique makes possible the safe identification of anionic dyes [150],... 

Before going further, let us clarify the various common names of limestone and lime. The following is a summaiy of the nomenclature and the chemicals referred to. Industrial chemists quite often use the common names for these substances rather than the chemically descriptive names. 

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