Common name, traditional nomenclature

Polygalaceae), Virginia (Aristolochia serpentaria, Aristolochiaceae) and white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum, Asteraceae). In the United States, a list of standardized common names called Herbs of Commerce (American Herbal Products Association, 1992) was adopted by the FDA as the only permitted source for common names on product labeling. Products that contain plants not listed in Herbs of Commerce are required to use the correct Latin name of the plant on the label. In addition to difficulties with nomenclature, problems have arisen because of the difficulty in determining exactly which plants are present in a finished product. Capsules that contain more than one plant and/or a dried crude extract make identification of the plant(s) by traditional means such as microscopy virtually impossible (Betz et al., 1995). Determination of the identity of a misidentified plant then becomes a matter of looking for specific toxic chemical constituents, which is usually a needle in a haystack approach unless symptoms are characteristic of a particular compound. Good quality assurance of raw material obviates the need for this detective work. 

Common name A traditional name, often derived from the molecule s. source or discoverer—in contrast with. systematic nomenclature. 

The traditional nomenclature is commonly used. Polymers are named according to one of the following ... 

The practice of assigning ad hoc names to organic compounds was neither avoidable, nor burdensome when only a small number of compounds were recognized. Such ad hoc names are termed "trivial" or "traditional," to indicate that they contain no encoded stmctural information. They are useful for common compounds, and many of them are retained to this day, but they are not helpful in understanding chemical relationships. As they proliferated, the number and variety of them became unmanageable. The development of systematic nomenclature was driven by this circumstance, and was made possible by advances in understanding and determining the stmcture of molecules. 

The names are a heterogeneous collection—inventors, companies, institutions, places, acronyms, abbreviations, and obvious corruptions of the chemical nomenclature. Derivations, where known, are indicated in square brackets [ ]. The names of chemicals used in the entries are the traditional names commonly used in industry today. 

So far nine arginine methyltransferases [46] and more than 20 lysine methyltransferases [11] have been identified in humans. Many of them show links to cancer. We discuss several of these subtypes below and an overview can be found in Tables 12.1 and 12.2. For lysine methyltransferases traditionally individual names have been used for the various subtypes. Lately, a common nomenclature for chromatin modifying enzymes has been proposed. For the human lysine methyltransferases the name KMTs should be used in analogy to (P)RMTs and eight groups (KMTl-8) with different subtypes suggested for some members [47]. But this nomenclature is not used consistently even throughout the recent literature so we provide both names if available in Table 12.2. 

The nomenclature for this homologous series is somewhat confused. The term PANs has been used historically to denote peroxyacyl nitrates, and this terminology continues to be used extensively in the literature, despite the lack of adherence to traditional IUPAC rules of nomenclature. Because the PANs can be considered to be mixed anhydrides of carboxylic acids and nitric acid, another suggestion (Roberts, 1990) has been peroxyacetic nitric anhydride for CH,C(0)00NO2 and peroxy carboxylic nitric anhydrides for the whole class of compounds. Although it does not follow the IUPAC rules, it would be consistent with the widespread use of the name PAN but also reflect the structure more accurately. Table 6.20 shows the structures and commonly used names of some PANs that have been observed in the atmosphere and/or in laboratory studies. 

The nomenclature of acids has a long tradition and it would be unrealistic to systematize add names fully and alter drastically the commonly accepted names of important and well-known substances. However, there is no reason to provide trivial names which could have a very limited use for newly prepared inorganic compounds. 

These complex alterations in the types of compounds generated from refinery operations have led to the development of a variety of technical nomenclatures to describe different petroleum fractions. Many commercial products still carry such traditional names as gasoline or heating oil. In terms of such basic physical and chemical properties as specific gravities and combustion performance, these traditional labels have held their meanings fairly well. New products, such as fuel oils derived from residuals, now join the original fuel oils derived from simple distillation, but the term "fuel oil" is still commonly used to organize data on petroleum imports, exports, and production. But the chemistry of these modern products is often considerably more complex than the chemistry of pre-World War II products with the same names. 

Commonly used names have been included in this table for systematic names and comments on uses of traditional names, see WPAC Nomenclature... 

Traditionally, polymers have been named by attaching the prefix poly to the name of the CRU, real or assumed monomer, the source from which it is derived. Thus, PS is the polymer made from styrene. When the name of the monomer consists of two or more words, parentheses should be used, but for common polymers such as polyvinylchloride, polyvinylacetate, etc., it is customary to omit them. Different types of polymerization can take place with many monomers, and there are different ways for obtaining a polymer. For example, name such as polyvinyl alcohol refers to a hypothetical source, since this polymer is obtained by hydrolysis of poly vinylacetate. In spite of deficiencies, the source-based nomenclature is still entrenched in the literature. It is also the basis for naming and classifying copolymers (see Table 1.5). 

Commonly used names have been included in this table for systematic additive names and comments on uses of traditional names, see IXJPAO. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (Recommendations 2005), senior eds N.G. Connelly and T. Damhus, RSC Publishing, Cambridge. 

The names of molecular compounds containing hydrogen do not usually conform to the systematic nomenclature guidelines. Traditionally, many of these compounds are called either by their common, nonsystematic names or by names that do not indicate explicitly the number of H atoms present ... 

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