Commodity plants, control

After all the answers from the interviews had been uploaded, an expert analysed each supply chain for each of the seven defined criteria for quality and safety microbial toxins and abiotic contaminants potential pathogens natural plant toxicants freshness and taste nutrient content and food additives fraud social and ethical aspects. For example, an expert on freshness and taste would check each major step in a supply chain for tomatoes to determine if it fulfilled the definition of a CCP (HACCP, Principle 2) in relation to freshness and taste for this commodity. If the step was considered to be a CCP, the answers in the questionnaire that related to relevant substeps at this step would be reviewed, to assess the control procedures that were in use for this CCP. The expert would then fill in the text field, structuring the input to consist of the following points ... 

Three major companies accounted for the bulk of US arsenic production in the first half of the twentieth century American Smelting and Refining Co. (ASARCO both copper and lead smelting in several domestic plants), Anaconda Copper Co. (copper smelting), and US Smelting Co. (lead smelting), along with several minor producers. Notably, from 1974 to 1985, the domestic supply of arsenic was controlled by ASARCO, and since 1985 by imports primarily from China, Chile, and Mexico (Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2004). 

This protein has a billion-fold safety factor for humans and is acceptable for engineering into plants for insect control. The Farm Chemicals Handbook contains this statement about the B.t. toxin "Harmless to humans, animals and useful insects. Safe for the environment. Exempt from requirements for a tolerance on all raw agricultural commodities when applied to growing crops, for both preharvest and postharvest uses" (8). 

Turnkey plant. Consists of all the hardware, software, technical data, and technical assistance necessary for the installation of a complete operating facility for the production of the commodity, a chemical substance, at defined production rates and to specified product qualities. Hardware consists of all the equipment, components, control valves, instruments, reaction vessels, feed lines, and exposition proof barriers necessary for the conduct of the unit operations of the overall production process, whether the items arc assembled or disassembled for transportation. The plant may be designed for installation at a prepared site that includes locally constructed and installed explosion-proof barricades... 

Each selected commodity will be analysed, using the procedures developed for Hazard Analysis by Critical Control Points (HACCP), for each of the following seven aspects of safety and/or quality microbial toxins and abiotic contaminants correspondence with traditional values about proper food nutrient content and food additives harmful micro-organisms freshness and taste natural plant toxicants and adulterations. 

Plants can carry out biotransformations of aflatoxins, as made clear by Howes et al. [26], who studied the metabolism of aflatoxin B, in Petroaelinum crispum (Parsley). On administration of AFBj to whole plants, aflatoxicol was formed. The cell-free preparations, on the other hand, formed two new aflatoxin Bj or aflatoxicol A. Even plant products, such as neem-leaf extracts, have been shown to control aflatoxin production in Aspergillus avus-infected cotton bolls [27]. Sometimes, the genetic constitution of the aflatoxin contaminated plant commodity can take... 

Hydrochloric acid may be purchased or produced internally. It is a widely available commodity, easily obtained in good quality. HCl is available in the anhydrous form as well as in the form of aqueous acid (up to 23° Be or about 37% HCl). The use of aqueous acid is standard in the chlor-alkali industry, and we do not discuss anhydrous HCl here. Byproduct acids are available, sometimes at lower prices, and may be suitable for use in the chlor-alkali process. Their quality should be checked carefully, and testing may be advisable before use. When HCl is produced from chlorine liquefaction tail gas, the absorbing water is the most likely source of impurities. Demineralized water is the standard source when producing acid for use in a membrane-cell chlorine plant. A certain amount of chlorine tends to be present in burner acid. This can be minimized by process control, and a small bed packed with activated carbon (Section 7.5.9.3B) is a useful safeguard. Usually only the acid intended for use in the ion-exchange system need be treated in this way. 

The toxicity of the aflatoxins has led many countries to set up regulations for their control in foods of plant origin that are intended for human or animal consumption (Table 11.3) (Commission Regulation, 2006 FAO, 2003 National Standard of PR China, 2005). In addition, in order to minimize the levels of mycotoxins in cereals, the European Union has also promoted several good agricultural practices from the cultivation to the distribution of cereals, such as crop rotation or dry storage. Regulations for major mycotoxins in commodities and food exist in at least 100... 

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