Commercialization of technology

It is hoped that successful commercialization of technologies utilizing these neoteric solvents will be a key driver for their continued development and integration into the chemical industry. Large-scale industrial manufacture of the ILs themselves is clearly a necessary precursor for this process. We also believe that due to the extensive variety in ILs formation and applications, they will play an important role in future environmentally friendly science and technology. 

Commercialization of Technology Through the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer... 

Development and commercialization of technology In this country occurs primarily In the private sector and most frequently In Industrial organizations. But, at the same time we should acknowledge Industry s dependence upon universities, federal laboratories and other non-lndustrlal research organizations to provide much of the needed science base, and (In the case of universities) to train the necessary scientists and engineers. 

Although the development and commercialization of technology occurs primarily In the private sector, the Federal government has become Increasingly involved over the last two decades. 

In general, private sector resources will be allocated for the development and commercialization of technology when. In the perception of a potential sponsor, the combination of expected costs and benefits is attractive relative to other Investment opportunities. Economic conditions In the U.S. have become less favorable for the development and commercialization of new technology the cost of these activities has risen the appropriable benefits have declined. Simultaneously, regulatory requirements have forced the allocation of substantial technical and capital resources to the defensive activities needed to maintain the viability of existing technical and capital investments. 

What option does the Federal government have to restore and maintain adequate Incentives for the commercialization of technology by the private sector ... 

Despite the difficulties Involved, the Federal government does have an essential role In the achievement of social benefits that would not otherwise occur as a consequence of the development and commercialization of technology In a free market. However, we must reexamine the way In which this role Is Implemented. Two principles could usefully guide this reexamination. 

Commercialization of technology is another direction to go. Recent development of commercially viable superlens prototype product at Bangor University is an important achievement (Fig. 7). More efforts are currently paid to optimize the product. The product can effectively transform a regular microscope into a nanoscope (offering 100 nm resolution in wide field and 50 nm resolution in confocal mode). The superlens resembles a standard coverslip glass design so it is naturally... 

Focus on the academlc/lndustrlal interface has led to initiatives such as the National Science Foundation s program to create Centers for Engineering Research. This latest NSF initiative emphasizes multi-investigator, inter-disciplinary research that is more problem-oriented than discipline-oriented (Schmitt, 1985). The program is intended to foster cooperation between industry and academia and increase the rates of commercialization of technologies spawned in the university environments (Coulton, 1986). Under the program, an NSF grant funds establishment of each center. The university involved then seeks to establish a... 

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