Commercialization and use

Higher a-olefins can also be polymerized with cationic initiators to fiquid oligomeric materials with isomerized stmctures. These fiquids are manufactured commercially and used as lubricating oils. 

Acyl peroxides of structure (20) are known as diacyl peroxides. In this structure and are the same or different and can be alkyl, aryl, heterocychc, imino, amino, or fiuoro. Acyl peroxides of stmctures (21), (22), (23), and (24) are known as dialkyl peroxydicarbonates, 00-acyl O-alkyl monoperoxycarbonates, acyl organosulfonyl peroxides, and di(organosulfonyl) peroxides, respectively. and R2 ia these stmctures are the same or different and generally are alkyl and aryl (4—6,44,166,187,188). Many diacyl peroxides (20) and dialkyl peroxydicarbonates (21) ate produced commercially and used ia large volumes. 

Flash column chromatography was performed using Merck 60-silica gel (40-63 pm) and solvents were obtained commercially and used as received. 

Finally, in late 1982, just prior to RCC commercial start-up, a more advanced catalyst was developed and prepared in several commercial-size 20-ton batches. It also was tested in the 200 B/D pilot plant unit, and shown to be an excellent catalyst. Over 1,000 tons of this catalyst, designated DZ-40, was produced commercially and used for start-up and two months successful reduced crude operation.(11)... 

CpFe(dppe)Br is prepared by the literature procedure. The solvents (methanol, CH2CI2, hexane) as well as potassium cyanide are obtained commercially and used as received. 

All manipulations are performed under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen by using standard Schlenk and syringe techniques. The solvents toluene, benzene, and hexane are dried by reflux over the drying agent sodium and distilled prior to use. Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is prepared by the literature procedure. W(CO)e is obtained commercially and used without further purification. 

Tetraethyl- and tetramethyldiphosphine disulfide (Orgmet, Inc., 300 Neck Rd. Haverhill, Mass. 01830), tributylphosphine (Carlisle Chemical Works, Inc., Reading, Ohio 45215), and 1,3-dichloropropane (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. 14600) were obtained commercially and used without further purification. The first two reactants are completely inert to one another at room temperature and can be placed in the reaction vessel simultaneously. 

The fixed-bed process was the first to be used commercially and uses a static... 

CDT is produced commercially and used for production of 12-nylon. Interesting synthetic reactions have been reported based on the modification of CDT-and COD-forming reactions. Di- and tetraazacyclododecatrienes 20 and 21 were prepared by cooligomerization of the diazadiene 19 and butadiene [5,6]. 

Each of the chemicals was obtained commercially and used without further purification, except for multiple... 

All standard compounds were obtained commercially and used as received. Labelled water, D20 (99.78 atom % D) and H2180 (97.3 atom % 180), were obtained from KOR Isotopes (Cambridge, MA) and MSD Isotopes (Montreal, Canada), respectively. Labelled oxygen, 1802 (52.6 atom % 180), was also obtained from MSD Isotopes. Water samples were subjected to several freeze-pump-thaw cycles to remove volatile gases prior to introduction into the FTMS. 

Materials. Cysteamine hydrochloride, formaldehyde (37% in water), methyl glyoxal (40% in water), and N-methylacetamide were purchased from the Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI. The extraction solvents (dichloromethane and chloroform) were obtained commercially and used without further treatment. Standard fatty aldehydes were obtained from reliable commercial sources. 

Other mechanisms are being investigated, such as co-flow emulsification, which is potentially a very effective way to make small droplets. These methods are, however, still very far from commercialization and use for production of food products. Therefore, we will not discuss them here one can find more information in literature... 

At Geneva, N. Y., several hundred compounds have been tested as candidate attractants for the European chafer [Amphimallon majalis (Raz.)], a serious pest of turf. The best compound was butyl sorbate this was produced commercially and used for the first time in 1962. Although it is not much superior to the Java citronella oil-eugenol standard bait previously used (96)/it has the advantage that it does not attract the Japanese beetle. With the old bait, Japanese beetles clogged the traps. Homologs of butyl sorbate are active. 

Ammonia, primary amines, and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents were obtained commercially and used without further purification. The preparation of Tris and vinyl-Tris has been described previously (30). 

The catalyst, which may be an activated natural or synthetic material, is employed in bead, pellet, or microspherical form and can be used as a fixed bed, moving bed, or fluid bed. The fixed-bed process was the first process to be used commercially and uses a static bed of catalyst in several reactors that allows a continuous flow of feedstock to be maintained. Thus, the cycle of operations comprises (1) flow of feedstock through the catalyst bed, (2) discontinuance of feedstock flow and removal of coke from the catalyst by burning, and (3) insertion of the reactor on stream. The moving-bed process uses a reaction vessel (in which cracking takes place) and a kiln (in which the spent catalyst is regenerated) and catalyst movement between the vessels is provided by various means. 

X- and Y-type zeolites in a Na" form were used as adsorbents The silica-alumina ratios in the X- and Y-type zeolites measured by the chemical analysis, were 2.5 and 4 9, respectively NO2 was obtained commercially and used without fiirther purification. The zeolite samples were activated at 673 K for 4 h under vacuum of lO" Torr. About 500 Torr of NO2 was admitted to the zeolite sample at room temperature... 

Green engineering Design, commercialization, and use of processes and products that are feasible and economical while minimizing generation of pollution at the source and risk to human health and the environment.b Allen and Shonnard, 2002... 

All solvents were purchased commercially and used without further purification. Ionomer dissolution was accomplished with mechanical agitation under a blanket of dry nitrogen at approximately 10°C below the boiling point (at atmospheric pressure) of the solvent but no higher than 230°C. 

Sensors for non-medical human uses, veterinary applications, food and chemical analysis, and environmental analysis do not require approval by a government agency for commercialization and use. However, such sensors may target acceptance of their data by agencies such as the FDA, USDA, and ERA if they can attain performance characteristics of in-place analytical methodologies. This can then be used as part of their marketing strategy. 

Starting Materials. Polyethylene, low density (0.92), was obtained from Union Carbide as additive-free pellets. Copper propionate, used only for liquid-phase solubilities, was obtained commercially and used without further purification. All other copper salts were synthesized as follows equal equivalents of Cu(OH)2 CuC03 ( 99+%, ROC/RIC Chemical Corp.) and the appropriate carboxylic acid were stirred in a minimum amount of xylene and heated to 120°C under N2 overnight. After reacting the xylene solution was diluted with additional xylene, reheated, and filtered hot to remove any copper oxides and/or carbonates. The xylene solution was cooled and the resultant precipitate collected by suction filtration and washed with additional xylene and then hexane. Additional recrystallization was done from hexane, isooctane, and/or xylene. In the case of the copper octanoate the solubility in xylene was quite high, so minimum amounts were used and recrystallization was done from hexane. Analyses for copper Cu(C7Hi5C02)2,... 

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