Commercial relationship

Dispute resolution is an important process for business, since it permits a quick, fair, and economic way to solve conflicts, without the need for prolonged litigation. Hence, it is possible to obtain a more satisfactory outcome and often to preserve a suitable commercial relationship. 

This is often the easiest evaluation to monitor since it operates with a full project team and quality objectives can be co-ordinated into the complete design requirements. It is also founded on long-term commercial relationships where the company history will exist to support the actual quality of performance. 

The intention of the evaluation is to ensure that the supplier can control its manufacturing operation and meet agreed standards. It is therefore in the interests of both parties that sufficient time is taken to form the basis for a good long-term commercial relationship. 

The simplest way is to choose the material that has been used before for the same or some similar purpose. If the material selection plays a less important role, or if the risk and consequence of changing to a new material are uncertain, it may be preferable to stick to the same as before. However, as a general principle it is not acceptable. Nevertheless, previous selection for similar purposes is a part of the empirical bases that must be taken into account. Other factors are the policy of the company, market conditions, commercial relationships, standards, specifications and public requirements. Besides these aspects, and sometimes in conflict with some of them, the engineers have the responsibility to find the best technical-economic solution, which often must be based upon thorough knowledge about materials properties and a systematic analysis of the service conditions. 

However, the development of a commercial relationship or business deals by any means other than fair and open competition is susceptible to corruption, or even the perception of corruption, which can be equally damaging. 

Semiconductors are materials that are characterized by resistivities iatermediate between those of metals and of iasulators. The study of organic semiconductors has grown from research on conductivity mechanisms and stmcture—property relationships ia soHds to iaclude appHcations-based research on working semiconductor junction devices. Organic materials are now used ia transistors, photochromic devices, and commercially viable light-emitting diodes, and the utility of organic semiconductors continues to iacrease. 

There has been growing activity in the biomodification of existing carbohydrate polymers, and although these types of studies may be too impractical to promote commercial activity in the neat future, they ate contributing to an understanding of stmcture/property relationships in aqueous media (16). 

Product Toxicology. The stmcture—toxicity relationships of organophosphoms compounds have been extensively researched and are relatively well understood (138—140). The phosphoms-based flame retardants as a class exhibit only moderate-to-low toxicity. NIOSH or EPA compilations and manufacturers safety data sheets show the following LD q values for rats, for representative commercial phosphoms flame retardants ... 

As with ah thin-film PV technologies, the projected manufacturing costs of a-Si H ahoy PV modules fah rapidly with annual manufacturing volume, ie, MWp /yr. The primary driver of this volume cost reduction is the volume—cost relationship of commercially available thin-film processing equipment. Thin-film coating machines often have capacities equivalent to 3—5 yr, so that manufacturing economies of scale are more fully realized at the... 

Relatively few processible polyimides, particularly at a reasonable cost and iu rehable supply, are available commercially. Users of polyimides may have to produce iutractable polyimides by themselves in situ according to methods discussed earlier, or synthesize polyimides of unique compositions iu order to meet property requirements such as thermal and thermoxidative stabilities, mechanical and electrical properties, physical properties such as glass-transition temperature, crystalline melting temperature, density, solubility, optical properties, etc. It is, therefore, essential to thoroughly understand the stmcture—property relationships of polyimide systems, and excellent review articles are available (1—5,92). 

The development of polythiophenes since the early 1980s has been extensive. Processible conducting polymers are available and monomer derivathation has extended the range of electronic and electrochemical properties associated with such materials. Problem areas include the need for improved conductivity by monomer manipulation, involving more extensive research using stmcture—activity relationships, and improved synthetic methods for monomers and polymers alike, which are needed to bring the attractive properties of polythiophenes to fmition on the commercial scale. 

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