Commercial cycle

IFC has been marketing the PC25, a 200 kW atmospheric PAFC unit, since 1992. Details of this commercial cycle are proprietary and not available for publication. In order to discuss an example PAFC cycle, a pressurized (8 atm) 12 MW system will be presented (50). This cycle is very similar to the 11 MW IFC PAFC cycle that went into operation in 1991 in the Tokyo Electric Power Company system at the Goi Thermal Station, except that two performance enhancements have been incorporated. Limited data are available regarding the Goi power plant. However, it is understood that the average cell voltage is 750 mV and the fuel utilization is 80% (51). The enhanced 12 MW cycle presented here utilizes values of 760 mV and 86%. This enhanced cycle (Figure 9-8) is discussed below with selected gas compositions presented in Table 9-6. 

Fig. 34. KINPTR commercial cycle length prediction. Average cycle conditions 2.3 LHSV, 5.8 H2 recycle ratio, 3685 kPa pressure, C6- 455 K Mid-Continent.

Process features The process allows a substantial increase in capacity for existing SPA, AICl3, or other zeolite cumene plants while improving product purity, feedstock consumption, and utility consumption. The new catalyst is environmentally inert, does not produce byproduct oligomers or coke and can operate at the lowest benzene to propylene ratios of any available technology with proven commercial cycle lengths of over seven years. Expected catalyst life is well over five years. 

Fig. 2 (center). Temperature-progranmied oxidation of coked catalysts in a commercial cycle for different time-on-stream. 1, 4 days 2, 26 days 3, 49days 4, 87 days 5, 112 days 6, 161 days 7, 208 days... 

Figure 4 shows the relative catalytic activity on commercially coked catalyst sampled during the commercial cycle for n-pentane reactions as a function of the... 

The state of cure of the urethane results in flash which is fairly weak and brittle, which breaks off and must be manually removed from the tool after each shot. Nylon RIM flash is much tougher and typically comes out completely with the part. This difference in operation, and the need for mold release application between urethane shots, means that cycle times for nylon and urethane parts are quite comparable, in spite of the shorter closed-mold time used for urethane RIM. Commercial cycles of 2.5 minutes are common. 

Influence of Chloride during Coke Burning of a Naphtha Reforming Catalyst Coked in a Commercial Cycle... 

Data Generation and Risk Assessment Integrated into the Research, Development, and Commercialization Cycle of a Product... 

Similar results were found with a commercial Pt(0.3)-Re(0.3)/ AI2O3-CKO. 85) catalyst coked during a commercial cycle.The coked catalyst samples were taken from a commercial reactor at various times from 4 to 208 days. Figure 6 shows the TPO of the catalyst samples it can be seen that the area of the first peak is practically constant from sample 2 onwards, meaning that coke deposition on the metal function ended before the extraction of sample 2. The increase of coke on later samples corresponds to coke on the support. From this figure and the data of total carbon on the catalyst, the distribution of coke on the catalytic functions was calculated and is shown in Figure 7 as a function of time-onstream. On the metal function there is a rapid coke deposition and the amount of coke remains constant up to the end of the run. 

We believe that the successful application of combinatorial methods to the chemical industry could have similar benefits 1) an increase in the rate of catalyst innovation and 2) a decrease in commercialization cycle times. Because of this belief, UOP and SINTEF have developed their End-to-End combinatorial catalyst discovery system. This system includes the ability to perform all the critical catalyst processing operations combinatorially (Figure 1). We have validated each of these steps using commercially relevant catalyst examples. In addition, we have utilized the entire system to prepare and test catalysts for catalytic applications. 

Dahms, A.S., New Input Mechanisms into the Commercial Cycle from Universities and Research Institutes Facihtated Movement of University IP, Translational Research and an Emerging Applied Research Model Leading to Enhanced Delivery of Healthcare. OECD WPB/NESTI Workshop on Biotechnology Impacts and Outputs, Paris, France, December 2006. 

F. Generalize. The single shock wave that results when two steps are input occurs because of the self-sharpening behavior of shock waves. Diffuse waves can also be sharpened if they are followed with a shock wave. This phenomenon is used in commercial cycles. The regeneration cycle will require much less purge if an adsorbate tail (called a heel) is left in the column (see Figure 18-16B1. This diffuse wave is then sharpened when the next feed step forms a shock wave. 

The above discussion suggests that utilization of a sequential iq)proach for catalyst discovery and development reactor selection, and catalytic process design would not be preferred since it would be too time consuming and hence difficult to justify fix>m a project funding perspective. A parallel approach in which various key activities in the catalyst discovery, development and commercialization cycles are simultaneously initiated with... 

Fig. 11. Coke deposition on a Pt-Re/Al203 catalyst during a commercial cycle. Samples from the third reactor (reprinted from Appl. Catal. 44, L1-L8, J. M. Parera, C. A. Querini, N. S. Figoli, pages Copyright 1988, with permission from the pubhsher Elsevier Science).

Is the substance or object still part of the commercial cycle (i.e. the producer s main activities) or chain of utility (i.e. if an object has been... 

Has the item been reprocessed so that it can re-enter the commercial cycle (e.g. a recycled solvent which can be sold back to a purchaser) This is no longer a waste. 

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