Dominant design

For instance, Abernathy and Utterback (1978) call Ford s T-model a dominant design among variants tests in the Ford workshop as well as designs that are used by all finns of an industry, such as the diesel locomotive. 

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Anderson, P. c Tushman, M. L. 1990. Technological discontinuities and dominant designs a cyclical model of technological change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 604-633... 

Unlike other mechanisms for orientation, such as plans, objectives, paradigms, technological paths or dominant designs , effective guiding principles have certain specific features ... 

The goal of a conceptual design for a continuous process is to select the process units and the interconnections between these units, identify the dominant design variables and estimate the optimum design conditions, and identify the process alternatives and find the best four or so alternatives. For batch processes, we must also decide which units should be batch and which should be continuous, whether or not some process operations should be carried out in the same process unit or separate units, whether or not parallel units should be used, and how much intermediate storage is required. Thus, batch processes require more decisions to fix the structure of the flowsheet (there are more alternatives to consider). Since there are many situations in which it must be decided whether to develop a batch or a continuous process, both procedures should be present in a general conceptual design code, whereas the current trend is to develop separate codes for batch processes. 

Estimate column diameter. In high-pressure columns, liquid flow is the dominant design consideration for calculating column diameter. However, at moderate and low pressures (generally below 150 psig or 10.34 bar), as is the case for the column in this example, vapor flow governs the diameter. 

Direct-drive pumps, with an ultimate vacuum that is typically 5 mTorr, are increasingly becoming the dominant design since they are more compact and quieter. However, they are somewhat less durable, since the rotor operates at significantly higher speed than that of a belt-driven pump. A wide variety of pumps with different capabilities are available from Hyvac, Welch, Balzers, Kurt Lesker, Edwards, and Kinney. 

Today the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) has become the dominating design for combustors operated at atmospheric pressure. Pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustors are under development for combined power cycle applications, but so far no clear advantages have been revealed yet. For this reason the existing commercial pressurized fluid bed systems are bubbling beds. 

Both substrate systems have served well, but in recent years emissions standards have become increasingly stringent and passenger car vehicle designs have become smaller and lighter. Monolithic converters are better adapted to these changing requirements and have become the more dominant design. At present, they account for nearly 80% of the world s new-car converters. 

Hallow Fiber. All commercial designs to dele use shell-side pressurization and tube-side permeate collection. The dominant design has vety fine fibers, but larger fiber deviees also are fband. Fine hollow fiber devices are intolerant of colloidal metier in the feed and require care in feed pretreat-ment. 

The next step in procedure is to formulate the material balance as a function of dominant design variables, toluene conversion, and excess of hydrogen. In this case, it is possible to examine the problem analytically (for notations see Fig. 7.6). 

For reasons of convenience and economy, laboratory-scale test-and-evaluation membranes are often relatively small in size, less than 5 cm (1 inch diameter) being quite common and in some cases as small as 0.3 cm to 0.4 cm. These test-and-evaluation membranes are almost always circular in shape and sized to fit into a permeation test cell. Membranes that are only 0.3 cm to 0.4 cm in area are sized to fit into a standard Vt inch (6.35 mm) commercial face-seal compression fitting. Although convenience figures prominently in the design of laboratory test apparatus, it is not a dominant design criterion for commercial and industrial applications where economics and durabiUty are of primary importance. 

Amical uses a dynamic loop scheduling algorithm [13, 12]. This algorithm is adapted to control-flow-dominated designs written in Vhdl, and is a development of the path-based approach proposed by Camposano [2]. Essentially, the scheduler reads in a Vhdl description and produces a behavioral FSM in the form of a transition table. Each transition (macro-cycle) corresponds to the execution of a control step under a given condition. A macro-cycle may need several basic cycles (clock cycles) for its execution. The top left window in figure 4 shows the transition table composed of two states and five transitions. 

Clymer, N., Asaba, S2008. A new approach for understanding dominant design the case of the ink-jet printer. J. Eng. Technol. Manage. 25 (3), 137-156. 

The two dominating design variables to be considered Borides and boride-based high-temperature refractories for high-temperature materials are hardness and thermal are treated extensively in [2.2,3,10]. Some properties conductivity as a function of temperature. Figure 3.2-2 are listed in Table 3.2-19. 

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