Alcohol commercial uses

Ethylene oxide is a precursor for many chemicals of great commercial importance, including ethylene glycols, ethanolamines, and alcohol ethoxylates. Ethylene glycol is one of the monomers for polyesters, the most widely-used synthetic fiber polymers. The current US production of EO is approximately 8.1 hillion pounds. 

Both Mitsui [26] and Sulzer [27] have commercialized these membranes for dehydration of alcohols by pervaporation or vapor/vapor permeation. The membranes are made in tubular form. Extraordinarily high selectivities have been reported for these membranes, and their ceramic nature allows operation at high temperatures, so fluxes are high. These advantages are, however, offset by the costs of the membrane modules, currently in excess of US 3000/m2 of membrane. 

Inositol. Inositol. I.2,3.S-rrprepared from natural sources such us corn steep liquors and is available in limited commercial quantities. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water 1 6 and in dilute alcohol. It is. slightly soluble in alcohol, the usual organic solvents, and fixed oils. It is stable under normal storage conditions. 

Nonactivated secondary alcohols were oxidized to the corresponding ketones with initial TOFs up to 100 mol mol h . Even less water-soluble and less reactive alcohols like 2-octanol could be oxidized with rates up to 20 mol moF h . Primary alcohols were oxidized to the corresponding acids. By adding TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdinyl-l-oxyl) the intermediate aldehyde could be trapped. As catalyst, the Pd complex of bathophenanthroline disulfonate (Structure 1) was used (bathophenanthroline is commercially available at approx. US 300/5 g). 

Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is a colorless fine powder, which melts at 232°C and boils at 447°C. It is practically insoluble in water and alcohols, but readily soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Above 570°C, it liberates BiCb to be transformed into a Bi405Cl3 compound. Among bismuth oxyha-lides, only the oxychloride is available commercially at a cost of US 30.00 ( 7500) for a sample of 99% purity and US 98.60 ( 24 400) for a sample of 99.99% purity per 50 g. However, other oxyhalides can readily be prepared by partial hydrolysis of trivalent bismuth halides or by the interaction of basic bismuth nitrate (BiO(N03)) with the corresponding sodium halide in aqueous... 

Pliirafac . [BASF BASF AG] Oxy-alkylated alcohols detergent, dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, de-foamer, deduster us in domestic and commercial cleaning formulations, agric. adjuvants. 

The commercial success of pervaporation has been a disappointment to many process developers. Current pervaporation sales worldwide are probably less than US 10 million almost all are for dehydration of ethanol or isopropanol solutions using water-permeable poly (vinyl alcohol) or equivalent membranes. A smaller market also exists for the separation of volatile organics from water using silicone-rubber membranes. 

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