Combustion and Gasification of Coal

energy consumption for this century. 1 quadrillion Btu 965 billion gas, 175 million 661 oil, or 36 million tons coal. 

In the classification of gas-solid reaction systems both the combustion and the gasification (reaction to produce a combustible fuel) of coal fall in the category where there is no solid reaction product. The analytical treatment 

Jt would be desirable to link the purely descriptive material presented in the following pages to the theoretical analyses that were given in the earlier chapters. However, at the present little work has been done (or is available in the open literature) on real coals (as opposed to kinetic studies on graphite) to allow this. It is hoped that the intensive research and development work proceeding in the U.S. and also in Western Europe at the present will change this picture. 

In the characterization of coal two types of analysis are usually used proximate analysis and ultimate analysis.  

This simple analysis consists of the determination of the moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon content, and possibly the calorific value of the coal. 

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Hobbs M.L., Radulovic P.T., and Smoot L.D., Combustion and Gasification of Coals in Fixed-Beds , Progress in Energy and Combustion Research 19(6), 505-586(1993). 

Rathmann, O, etal. (1995), Combustion and gasification of coal and straw under pressurized conditions. Task 2 Determination of kinetic parameters in PTGA, Roskitde Risp National Laboratory, Risp-R-819 (EN), Denmark. 

Williams, A., Skorupska, N., and Pourkashanian, M. Combustion and Gasification of Coal. New York Taylor Francis Group, 2000. 

Noncatalytic gas-solid reactions (e.g., combustion and gasification of coal, roasting of p5irites). These reactions occur on the surface of the solid. The gaseous reactant is transported to the interface, where it reacts widi the solid reactant. Gaseous products are transported to the gas phase, and solid products (e.g., ash) remain in the solid. The overall reaction rate depends on the surface area available and the rate of transfer of the gaseous reactant to the solid surface. 

Williams, A., et al. Combustion and Gasification of Coal New brk Taylor Sc Francis, 2000. Provides an overview of coal combustion and gasification with special attention to the properties of coal, combustion mechanism of coal, combustion in fluidized beds, the gasification process, industrial applications, and environmental impact. 

Thermogravimetiy (TG) is one of the oldest thermal analytical procedures and has been used extensively to study pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification of coal, coke, and polymers. The technique involves monitoring the weight loss of a sample in a chosen atmosphere as a function of temperature, whereby the heating rate is kept constant. The usefulness of TG for analyzing kinetic... 

Figure 8. Comparison of initial rates of puroly-sis, combustion, and gasification of coal-cnar...

There has been a far greater effort in the development of flTiidized bed processes for combustion and gasification of coal than corresponding efforts based on other modes of solids-gas contacting processes. This is due primarily to the inherent advantages that fliiidized beds offer (which are listed in Table III). 

Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gas, and all types of biomass and domestic and industrial wastes are burnt or gasihed for the conversion of energy. In Western European countries, Japan, and the United States activities are carried out for decreasing emissions of hydrocarbons, CO, NO c, N2O, NH3, SO c, dioxins, and CO2 from the combustion and gasification of fossil fuels and the burning of biomass and wastes. 

De Souza-Santos, Marcio L. Solid Euels Combustion and Gasification Modeling, Simulation, and Equipment Operations. 2d ed. Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press, 2010. The book covers operational features of equij>-ment deahng with combustion and gasification of solid fuels, such as coal and biomass, presents basic concepts of solid and gas combustion mechanism, introduces fundamental approaches to formulate mathematical models for gasification systems, and case studies demonstrating computer simulation. 

Examples of this type often occur in chemical and metallurgical processes the combustion and gasification of carbon and coal, the decomposition of solids into gases, the dissolution of solids in liquids, formation of metal carbonyls, fluorination and chlorination of metals, and some electrochemical processes. 

Combustion of coal and other fuels Gasification of coal, peat, wood wastes Carbonization of coal (decomposition without oxygen)... 

Italy is also investigating options for power generation, based on new cycles and advanced technologies, including gas turbines, gasification of coal (and biomass), and high efficiency/ultra low-zero emissions combustion. 

L6pez-Ant6n, M.A., Dfaz-Somoano, M., Fierro, J.L.G. and Martfnez-Tarazona, M.R. (2007) Retention of arsenic and selenium compounds present in coal combustion and gasification flue gases using activated carbons. Fuel Processing... 

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