Materials combustible

It is a liquid, b,p. 363 K, but if heated it decomposes and hence must be distilled under reduced pressure decomposition may occur with explosive violence and this can occur even at room temperature if impurities are present. Combustible material, for example paper and wood, ignite spontaneously with explosive violence on contact with the acid, and it can produce painful blisters on the skin,... 

Ammonium nitrate Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, flnely divided organic or combustible materials, perchlorates, urea... 

Ammonium perchlorate Hot copper tubing, sugar, flnely divided organic or combustible materials, potassium periodate and permanganate, powdered metals, carbon, sulfur... 

Hydrogen peroxide Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, flammable liquids, combustible materials... 

Pure ammonium nitrate decomposes in a complex manner in a series of progressive reactions having different thermochemical effects (Table 17). Oxygen is Hberated from combination with combustibles only at temperatures above 300°C. When a combustible material such as fuel oil is present in stoichiometric proportions (ca 5.6%) the energy evolved increases almost threefold... 

Transportation. Ammonium nitrate is safely transported by rad, road, and water. However, its transportation on U.S. navigable waterways is restricted. Good ventilation must be provided and precautions taken against leakage and contamination. The material must be completely isolated from other cargo and must be kept free of extraneous combustible materials. 

Although Hitec is nonflammable, it is a strong oxidizer and supports the combustion of other materials. Consequendy, combustible materials must be excluded from contact with the molten salt. Hitec is compatible with carbon steel at temperatures up to 450°C. At higher temperatures, low alloy or austenitic stainless steel is recommended. Adding water to Hitec does not appreciably alter its corrosion behavior. 

Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids. The four classifications of fire-resistant hydrauHc fluids are Hsted below (7). Three of the four groups are fire resistant because they contain a significant amount of water which provides cooling and blanketing of the combustible materials. 

Hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 35% and above may, and 50% and above do, cause spontaneous combustion of dry grasses, wood, and leaves. Spills of concentrated hydrogen peroxide should be diluted with excess amounts of water immediately. Practically all soHd combustible materials contain sufficient quantities of catalytic impurities to rapidly decompose hydrogen peroxide, especially at 70% concentration and above. 

Elame-spread and smoke-density values, and the less often reported fuel-contributed semiquantitive results of the ASTM E84 test and the limited oxygen index (LOI) laboratory test, are more often used to compare fire performance of ceUular plastics. AH building codes requite that ceUular plastics be protected by inner or outer sheathings or be housed in systems aH with a specified minimum total fire resistance. Absolute incombustibHity cannot be attained in practice and often is not requited. The system approach to protecting the more combustible materials affords adequate safety in the buildings by aHowing the occupant sufficient time to evacuate before combustion of the protected ceUular plastic. 

Lithium peroxide is a strong oxidizer and can promote combustion when in contact with combustible materials. It is a powerful irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (2) protective clothing should be worn when handling lithium peroxide. The LD q has not been deterrnined, and there is no designated threshold limit value (TLV). However, 5 g of many lithium compounds can be fatal. 

Zinc peroxide is a strong oxidizer and can cause fire when in contact with combustible materials. It has been assigned UN No. 1516 and should be transported in accordance with international transport regulations pertaining to Class 5.1, oxidizing substances. It is made by Solvay Deutschland, which uses the trade name IXPER 55 Z, and by L Air Liquide. In 1994, the price in France was Fr. 65—80/kg ( 7—9/kg). 

The triple salt is classified by the UN not as an oxidizer but as a corrosive, and thus must be transported under the UN No. 1759 for corrosive soHds NOS. It should be kept away from combustible material. 

The characteristics of flammable and combustible materials can be displayed on a ternary (triangular) graph. The characteristics of several common flammable and combustible materials are presented in Table 2. 

Fire and Explosion Prevention. Prevention of fire and explosion takes place in the design of chemical plants. Such prevention involves the study of material characteristics, such as those in Table 1, and processing conditions to determine appropriate ha2ard avoidance methods. Engineering techniques are available for preventing fires and explosions. Containment of flammable and combustible materials and control of processes which could develop high pressures are also important aspects of fire and explosion prevention. 

Reactions of monoethan olamine with mild steel are referenced in the Hterature (23). The complex formed, identified as triseth an o1 amin o—iron, can decompose in air to pyrophoric iron, with the potential to cause a fire, if contacted with combustible materials. 

Health and Safety Factors. The strontium ion has a low order of toxicity, and strontium compounds are remarkably free of toxic hazards. Chemically, strontium is similar to calcium, and strontium salts, like calcium salts, are not easily absorbed by the intestinal tract. Strontium carbonate has no commonly recognized hazardous properties. Strontium nitrate is regulated as an oxidizer that promotes rapid burning of combustible materials, and it should not be stored in areas of potential fire hazards. 

Flame Retardants. Because PVC contains nearly half its weight of chlorine, it is inherently flame-retardant. Not only is chlorine not a fuel, but it acts chemically to inhibit the fast oxidation in the gas phase in a flame. When PVC is diluted with combustible materials, the compound combustibiHty is also increased. Por example, plastici2ed PVC with > 30% plastici2er may require a flame retardant such as antimony oxide, a phosphate-type plastici2er, or chlorinated or brominated hydrocarbons (145,146). 

A more simplified description is a unit that combusts materials in the presence of oxygen at temperatures normally ranging from 800 to 1650°C. A typical configuration of an incinerator is shown in Figure 9. Typical types of incineration units that are discussed herein are catalytic oxidation, fluidized beds, hquid injection, multiple hearth furnaces, and rotary kiln. Thermal desorption is also discussed. However, an overview of the main factors affecting incinerator performance is presented first, below. 

Fire Hazard. Although chlorosulfuric acid itself is not dammable, it may cause ignition by contact with combustible materials because of the heat of reaction. Open fires, open lights, and matches should not be used in or around tanks or containers where hydrogen gas may be collected because of the action of chlorosulfuric acid on metals. Water, carbon dioxide, and dry-chemical fire extinguishers should be kept readily available. 

Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, Code No. 33, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Quincy, Mass., 1989. 

Acryhc elastomers are normally stable and not reactive with water. The material must be preheated before ignition can occur, and fire conditions offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material (56). Above 300°C these elastomers may pyrolize to release ethyl acrylate and other alkyl acrylates. Otherwise, thermal decomposition or combustion may produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride, and/or other chloiinated compounds if chlorine containing monomers are present ia the polymer. 

Dowtheim J (Dow Corning Coi poration). A mixture of isomers of an alkylated aromatic recommended temperature range —70°C to 300°C noncorrosive toward steel, common metals and alloys combustible material flash point 58°C low toxic prolonged and repeated exposure to vapors should be limited 10 ppm for daily exposures of eight hours. 

Hard rubber is one of the few combustible materials which is generally ground on heavy steam-heated rollers. The raw material passes to a series of rolls in closed circuit with screens and air classifiers. Farrel-Birmingham rolls are used extensively for this work. There is a differential in the roll diameters. The motor should be separated from the grinder by a fire wall. 

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