Colour-identifying systems

Technical name means a name that is generally used in commerce, regulations and codes to identify a substance or mixture, other than the lUPAC or CAS name, and that is recognized by the scientific community. Examples of technical names include those used for complex mixtures (e.g., petroleum fractions or natural products), pesticides (e.g., ISO or ANSI systems), dyestuffs (Colour Index system) and minerals ... 

Use a tape measure to allow the recording of depths and hence the thicknesses of the soil horizons in the profile. Colour is used to identify the different horizons within the profile. Standardized descriptions of colour can be obtained by the use of the Munsell Soil Colour Chart System (see Chapter 1). 

So far comparisons of isoelectronic systems of types A, B and C are restricted to few examples, becau especially in type B the kinetic instability of the neutral radicals (SEM) becomes so pronounced that the level RED very often caimot be generated. This low persistency of B may be due to the fact that the odd electron is no longer distributed symmetrically over the molecule. In some cases dimeric products have been identified There are, however, tailor made radicals Rsem. -g-55, which exist as highly coloured, destillable compounds Nonetheless, from the... 

During the studies of phase behaviour two types of liquid crystalline phases were identified. LC material was viscous and exhibited intense "white" birefingence. material was apparently homogeneous but of low viscosity and exhibited "multi-coloured" birefringence. The liquid crystalline phases observed in the equilibrium studies of surfactant concentrations up to 25 are unlikely to take part in the self-emulsification process due to the presence of two-phase regions between L2 and liquid crystalline phases however, LC material may account for the improved stability of emulsions formed by 25 surfactant systems (Table II). Figure 4c indicates that by increasing the surfactant concentration to 30 the... 

Mass spectrometry concerns the dynamics of unimolecular ionic reactions. Given that an ion has no memory of its mode of formation, the method of ionization is incidental and the ion s reactivity depends upon its own energy state. Experimental conditions are such as to minimise the occurrence of ion—molecule reactions [497] and their effects can usually be neglected. Mass spectrometry is a molecular beam experiment in the sense that each ion is an isolated system. The assembly of ions is not at a temperature, although in limited circumstances it may be possible to speak of their rotational temperature, translational temperature and perhaps even vibrational temperature. The familiar mass spectrum identifies the reaction products, but provides little other information about the reaction dynamics. This purist s view of mass spectrometry colours this article. 

In an attempt to identify the chromophoric systems resulting from reactions of steroids with strong acids ( colour reactions Kober, Allen, Oertel, Talbot, Salkowski, and Liebermann-Burchard reactions) a detailed study has been made, with use of all the usual spectroscopic techniques. Visible colours are attributed generally to charge-transfer between the steroid, as donor, and a delocalized carbonium ion, generated from the steroid in acidic media, acting as acceptor. The structures of the steroidal carbonium ions are discussed. 

Apomorphine was shown to have the composition C17H1702N by Matthiessen and Wright [1]. Mayer and Wright [25] obtained pyridine by the destructive distillation of the alkaloid, but were unable to identify any of the products of oxidation. The alkali-solubility of the base and the formation of a dibenzoyl-derivative indicates that apomorphine contains two phenolic hydroxyl groups, and the colour with ferric chloride and ease of oxidation suggest that these are present in a catechol system. 

If a fibre sample can be dissolved in 5 % NaOH at the boil, it is a protein fibre, commonly wool or silk. Protein fibres can be dyed most often by acid dyes, metallised acid dyes and chrome dyes. According to the AATCC system, acid dyes on protein fibres can be identified as follows. A coloured sample is boiled in an ammonia solution for 1-2 min. After removing the coloured sample, the ammonia solution is slightly over-neutralised with sulphuric acid. A small piece of white wool sample is then redyed with the ammonia solution at the boil for 1-2 min. A positive indication of acid dyes on the original sample is evidenced by the colour of the redyed wool sample. If chrome dyes are on the dyed sample, no redyeing can... 

As important as the identification of the test systems on their housing or containers is the appropriate identification of test system individuals or test system parts that may need to be temporarily removed. This may constitute no problem, if the test system consists of (larger) animals (or plants), where tags, tattoos, colour codes on fur or tail, implanted microchips or other suitable markers may be used to characterise and identify the single individuals. On the other hand, individual water fleas might have to be removed from the test... 

The ision ])rocess is tlierefore prone to various influences which can affect the perception of detail, briglitness, contrast and colour. Through tests such as those used to examine for colour blindness, the Camouflage Section was able to identify optical illusion-type effects and other methods of visual confusion utilising particular mixes of colours, all of which were incorporated in systems of protective painting for ships. 

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