Colors element naming

Electron structure Radius (pm) Color of Origin of element name... 

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as new elements were identified, the discoverer received the honor of naming the element. Different trends in assigning names developed at different times. Element names were based on mythological figures, celestial bodies, color, chemical properties, geographical areas, minerals, derived names, and people. Table 5.3 gives the derivation of names and symbols for the common elements. 

A periodic table (positioned right before the table of contents) that includes the following for each element name, symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass. A color key also informs students about the various groupings of the elements. 

Together with Bunsen (who developed the famous burner carrying his name), Kirchhoff exploited the theory for chemical analysis. Together, they discovered two new elements, namely cesium (Cs) and rubidium (Rb), by the color of their flames, which is a form of spectroscopy using the naked eye. 

The inner transition metals consist of the 15 rare earth metals or lanthanides. They are all silvery white in color and used in such products as permanent magnets and headphones. The other inner transition metals, a set of elements named after the element actinium, include uranium, americium, and neptunium. They are primarily human-made elements. These metals are radioactive and used in advanced smoke detectors, neutron-detection devices and in nuclear reactions. 

With the exception of gold and the platinum-group metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt), most metallic elements are found in nature in solid inorganic compounds called minerals. Table 23.1 lists the principal mineral sources of several common metals, three of which are shown in Figure 23.2 . Notice that minerals are identified by common names rather tlian by chemical names. Names of minerals are usually based on the locations where they were discovered, the person who discovered them, or some characteristic such as color. The name inalachite, for example, comes from the Greek word malache, the name of a type of tree whose leaves are the color of the mineral. 

Gr. neos, new, and didymos, twin) In 1841, Mosander, extracted from cerite a new rose-colored oxide, which he believed contained a new element. He named the element didymium, as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum. In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia, by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal, long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite, which are principal sources of rare-earth metals. 

Iodine was discovered by Curtois in 1811—1812, when he observed violet vapors rising upon heating saltpeter pots (1). Following its discovery and exarnination, the new element was named iode in French after the Greek word ioeides meaning violet-colored. The Fnglish term iodine comes from the same root (2). 

Vanadium was first discovered in 1801 by del Rio while he was examining a lead ore obtained from Zimapan, Mexico. The ore contained a new element and, because of the red color imparted to its salts on heating, it was named erythronium (redness). The identification of the element vanadium did not occur until 1830 when it was isolated from cast iron processed from an ore from mines near Taberg, Sweden. It was given the name vanadium after Vanadis, the Norse goddess of beauty. Shordy after this discovery, vanadium was shown to be identical to the erythronium that del Rio had found several years eadier. 

In compounds, the important oxidation numbers of Cr are +2, +3, and +6. In all of these states the chromium ions are colored and, in fact, the element got its name from this property (ichroma is the Greek word for color). The +2 state is not frequently encountered but it can be made quite easily as the beautiful blue chromous ion in solution by dripping a solution containing CrM over metallic zinc. Air has to be excluded since O rapidly converts Cr1-5 back into Cr. ... 

The common names for the allotropes of element v are based upon their colors. 

Shiny silvery metal that is relatively soft in its pure form. Forms a highly resistant oxide coat. Used mainly in alloys, for example, in construction steel. Tiny amounts, in combination with other elements such as chromium, makes steel rustproof and improves its mechanical properties. Highly suited for tools and all types of machine parts. Also applied in airplane turbines. Chemically speaking, the element is of interest for catalysis (for example, removal of nitric oxides from waste gases). Vanadium forms countless beautiful, colored compounds (see Name). Essential for some organisms. Thus, natural oil, which was formed from marine life forms, contains substantial unwanted traces of vanadium that need to be removed. 

Mineral gemstones that have the same basic chemical composition, that is, are composed of the same major elements and differ only in color, are considered as variations of the same mineral species. As gemstones, however, minerals that have the same composition and crystalline structure but exhibit different colors are classified as different gemstones. Beryl, for example, a mineral (composed of beryllium aluminum silicate), includes a pink variety, known by the gemstone name of morganite, and also a well-known green variety, emerald. Table 18 lists and classifies, by composition and color, gemstones that have been appreciated since antiquity. 

The names of the various chemical elements come from many sources including mythological concepts or characters places, areas or countries properties of the element or its compounds, such as color, smell or its inability to combine and the names of scientists. There are also some miscellaneous names as well as some obscure names for particular elements. 

Chlorine - the atomic number is 17 and the chemical symbol is Cl. The name derives from the Greek chlooros for pale green or greenish yellow color of the element. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In 1810, the English chemist Humphry Davy proved it was an element and gave it the name chlorine. 

Iridium - the atomic number is 77 and the chemical symbol is Ir. The name derives from the Latin Iris, the greek goddess of rainbows because of the variety of colors in the element s salt solutions . Iridium and osmium were both discovered in a crude platinum ore in 1803 by the English chemist Smithson Tennant. Iridium was discovered independently by the French chemist H. V. Collet-Descotils also in 1803. Descotils actually published one month before Tennant but Tennent is given credit for the discovery, perhaps because he alone also found osmium in the ore. 

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