Color concentrate defined

The MFR for the PP resin and the masterbatch colorant were measured to see if the masterbatch material met the criteria defined by Benkreira and Britton [28] and as discussed in Section 8.6. The MFRs were 20 and 116 dg/min (230 °C, 2.16 kg) for the natural PP resin and the masterbatch colorant, respectively. Obviously, the color concentrate masterbatch was not well matched for the natural PP resin according to the guidelines developed by Benkreira and Britton. That is, the carrier resin used to make the masterbatch was too low in viscosity to break up pigment... 

Coloration efficiency, defined as the magnitude of the absorbance from C at 600 nm, was also found to depend on DA (X = C H5) concentration, and saturation (i.e., nonhnear response) was noted at 25 wt% at a total dose of 1000 Gy. From a plot of coloration intensity versus DA concentration in PS films of constant thickness, an energy transfer distance, R = 14 A, from an aromatic group of PS to a molecule of DA could be calculated using a modified Perrin expression (Equation 3.36). A.,.,and Ap are absorbances extrapolated to infinite concentration and at known concentrations of DA, respectively. N is Avogadro s number and V is the reaction volume, assumed to be 4/3 n where R is the distance at which 50% of the PS transfer their excitation energy to molecules of DA... 

Nearly every chemical manufacturiag operation requites the use of separation processes to recover and purify the desired product. In most circumstances, the efficiency of the separation process has a significant impact on both the quality and the cost of the product (1). Liquid-phase adsorption has long been used for the removal of contaminants present at low concentrations in process streams. In most cases, the objective is to remove a specific feed component alternatively, the contaminants are not well defined, and the objective is the improvement of feed quality defined by color, taste, odor, and storage stability (2-5) (see Wastes, industrial Water, industrial watertreati nt). 

In most cases the pigments used are also required to be migration-resistant. The suitability test is also carried out with 5 different pigment concentrations. To test the fastness to bleeding, the unvulcanized colorations are brought into defined contact with a white milled sheet of specific composition and vulcanized wet for 20 minutes in open steam at 140°C. During this process, half the coloration is often covered with a wet cotton cloth to determine whether the cloth, the rubber or both are stained by bleeding. 

Table 1 can be used as a guide to define hazardous wastes from textile plants. Besides the direct toxicity of substances like chlorinated hydrocarbons, organo-Hg compounds, or concentrated alkaline solutions, other parameters have been defined with regard to problems during biodegradation or accumulation in the sludge from CWWT. A particular situation is found with colored effluents, where limits for spectral absorption have been defined. While the toxicity of textile dyes is comparably low, these limits were derived from the visual aspect of the water released from a textile plant because they look unhealthy. ... 

Another source of highly colored dyebaths is found in continuous dyeing processes where the last filling of the padder required to complete the process at weU-defined conditions has to be withdrawn at the end of the padding process. Dyestuff concentrations of 50 g technical dyestuff are quite usual for such dye liquors. 

For greatest accuracy of the estimates of the total protein concentration in unknown samples, it is essential to include a standard curve in each run. This is particularly true for the protein assay methods that produce nonlinear standard curves (e.g., Lowry method, Coomassie dye-binding method). The decision about the number of standards used to define the standard curve and the number of replicates to be done on each standard depends upon the degree of nonlinearity in the standard curve and the degree of accuracy required of the results. In general, fewer points are needed to construct a standard curve if the color response curve is linear. For assays done in test tubes, duplicates are sufficient however, triplicates are recommended for assays performed in microtiter plates due to the increased error associated with microtiter plates and microtiter plate readers. 

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