Open steam

Steam Turbine - A PR valve is required on the steam inlet to any steam turbine if the maximum steam supply pressure is greater than the design pressure of the casing inlet. The PR valve should be set at the casing inlet design pressure and sized such that overpressure of the casing is prevented, under conditions of wide open steam supply and normal exhaust flow. 

When winterizing is required, the steam tracing and insulation should include the first 7.5 m of the flare stack above the vapor inlet and also in the case of a drum seal, the vapor line from the seal drum to the flare. Where steam injection to one of the smokeless tips, as shown in Figures 11 B and C is used, then the steam ring should remain outside the top of the flare tip (i.e., not internal). Where severe ambient conditions are encountered then it is recommended that the entire seal drum and flare be insulated in addition to steam tracing and open steam injection at base of flare. 

Austritts arbeit, /. (of electrons) work function. geschwindigkeit, /. velocity of exit or discharge rate of escape, -dffnung, /. outlet, exit discharge opening steam port (of a... 

Live steam is in direct contact with fluids being distilled, either batch or continuous. Often, this process is called open steam distillation. 

Ellerbee [127, 128] provides an excellent summary of steam distillation basics. The theory of direct steam distillation evolves around the partial pressures of the immiscible organics/petroleum/petroleum component and the presence of direct open steam in the system. The system may consist of the organic immiscible plus steam (vapor and/or liquid). Each hquid exerts its otvn vapor pressure independent of the other. Thus, the total pressure of the system is the sum of the individual vapor pressures of the two liquids (assuming the liquids do not dissolve in each other). An important use of this approach is to separate a volatile organic from non-organic impurities. 

Example 8-20 Open Steam Stripping of Heavy Absorber Rich Oil of Li t Hydrocarbon Content (used by permission following the method of R. W. EUerbee, Chemical Engineering [127])... 

A gas processing plant selectively extracts ethylene and ethane from an incoming natural gas mixture stream. These two light hydrocarbons are absorbed in a heavy gasoline type absorber oil, and then stripped with open steam in an open tower. The system data are (see Figure 8-41) ... 

Figure 8-41. Open steam stripping light hydrocarbons from a rich oil. Modified for Example 8-20 and used by pemnission, Ellerbee, R. W., C/iem. Eng. Mar. 4 (1974), p. 108.

An effort has been made to present the basic understanding of the method as it applies to systems involving unequal molal overflow, open steam distillation and single flash vaporization in Figures 8-42 and 8-43. 

Batch with Constant Reflux Ratio, 48 Batch with Variable Reflux Rate Rectification, 50 Example 8-14 Batch Distillation, Constant Reflux Following the Procedure of Block, 51 Example 8-15 Vapor Boil-up Rate for Fixed Trays, 53 Example 8-16 Binary Batch Differential Distillation, 54 Example 8-17 Multicomponent Batch Distillation, 55 Steam Distillation, 57 Example 8-18 Multicomponent Steam Flash, 59 Example 8-18 Continuous Steam Flash Separation Process — Separation of Non-Volatile Component from Organics, 61 Example 8-20 Open Steam Stripping of Heavy Absorber Rich Oil of Light Hydrocarbon Content, 62 Distillation with Heat Balance,... 

A pressure vessel constructed of steel, used for the vulcanisation of rubber products by the open steam method. The autoclave may be horizontal (vulcanisation of footwear, cables, hose), or vertical and fitted with a hydraulic ram (e.g., moulding pneumatic tyres). 

This term is synonymous with vulcanisation but is generally applied to the factory methods of vulcanising mbber products, e.g., press curing, open steam curing, cold curing. 

In curing thick articles in open steam it is sometimes necessary to reduce the temperature of cure at the end of the hold period at a slow yet uniform rate. This part of the cure schedule is the drop . 

In open steam curing that period of time during which the temperature is raised gradually from room temperature to the actual curing temperature. 

A preliminary or pre-cure given to a product or part of a product, e.g., a moulding may be given a semi-cure in a press and the cure completed in open steam a thick section of a product may be semi-cured before assembly to the product a component may be semi-cured to reduce the flow during the subsequent vulcanisation of the product. 

The process of controlled, gentle warming of unvulcanised calendered sheet rubber to reduce its anisotropy and prevent subsequent distortion of articles made from the sheet and cured by embedding in chalk in open steam. 

Water in the gaseous state it is a convenient source of heat widely used in the curing of rubber products. See Open-Steam Curing, Press Curing. Steam is really a colourless gas and what is usually termed steam (issuing from an autoclave, a press, thermometer bleed pipe, etc.) is really droplets of water which result from the steam meeting the cooler air of the atmosphere. Steam Trap... 

An obsolete process for reheading pneumatic tyres. The vulcanisation of the new head rubber is not done in a mould but by the open steam method in an autoclave, and the deshed pattern is cut on the head after cure. 

In most cases the pigments used are also required to be migration-resistant. The suitability test is also carried out with 5 different pigment concentrations. To test the fastness to bleeding, the unvulcanized colorations are brought into defined contact with a white milled sheet of specific composition and vulcanized wet for 20 minutes in open steam at 140°C. During this process, half the coloration is often covered with a wet cotton cloth to determine whether the cloth, the rubber or both are stained by bleeding. 

P.R.48 1 is recommended especially for use in LDPE. Besides, it also affords colorations of medium tinctorial strength in PE. 0.34% pigment is required to formulate 1/3 SD colorations with 1% Ti02. Comparative values are listed for a number of other pigments. Problems may occur during vulcanization with open steam in the presence of P.R.48 1. The pigment bleeds into the wrapper (Sec. 1.8.3.6). 

On the reducing stage being complete, the valves A and D are closed, and B and C opened steam passes through the retorts, and hydrogen issues past the valve C to the water seal, and thence to scrubbers and purifiers, and finally to the gasholder. 

Many refineries now use vacuum pumps and surface condensers in place of barometric condensers to eliminate generation of the wastewater stream and reduce energy consumption. Reboiled side-stripping towers rather than open steam stripping can also be utilized on the atmospheric tower to reduce the quantity of sour-water condensate. 

The reboiler steam valve has linear installed characteristics and passes 30,000 Iboi/h when wide open. Steam latent heat is 1000 Btu/lb . 

Some of the technical properties of ebonite are appreciably affected by the method of cure. In open steam curing, the external pressure is limited to a few atmospheres of steam pressure. The direct... 

In open steam cure of linings and tubes and rods it is important that the ebonite does not flatten under self weight. Addition of ebonite dust and mineral fillers or reclaimed rubber increases the stiffness of the green stock and reduces the tendency for loss of shape. 

Autoclave curing Open steam curing Hot water curing Self-vulcanizing Cold bond lining and... 

---