Colonisation

Fig. 7. A bead filter, one of many types of biological filters, shown in association with a laboratory-scale recirculating water system. Small plastic beads inside the fiber glass chamber provide surface area for colonisation by bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrate.

Baud, C.-A. and Lacotte, D. 1984 Etude au microscope electronique a transmission de la colonisation bacterienne de I os mort. Comptes Rendus deL" Academic des Sciences 298 507-510. 

Grime, J.P. (1987). Dominant and subordinate components of plant communities -implications for succession, stability and diversity. In Colonisation, Succession and Stability, ed. A. Gray, P. Edwards and M. Crawley, pp. 413-28. Oxford Blackwells. 

The evolution of structures and mechanisms in plants to regulate water fluxes down these steep thermodynamic gradients and yet maintain the cellular conditions for biochemical activity was a major factor in the colonisation of the terrestrial habitat. Paradoxically, therefore, some water stress is completely normal , though some plants are better than others at accommodating large deviations. 

A. J. Anderson, P. Habibzadegah-Tari, and C. S. Tepper, Molecular studies on the role of a root surface agglutinin in adherence and colonisation by Pseudomonas putida, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54 315 (1987). 

W. Achouak, T. Heulin, G. Villemin, and J. Balandreau, Root colonisation by. sym-... 

R. P. Geels and B. Schippers, Selection of antagonistic fluore.scent Pseudomonad spp. and their root colonisation and persistence following treatment of seed potatoes, Phytopathology /0S 193 (1983). 

J. W. L. Van Vuurde and B. Schippers, Bacterial colonisation of seminal wheat roots. Soil Biology and Biochemistiy 12 559 (1980). 

R. J. Norby, E. G. O Neill, W. G. Hood, and R. J. Luxmoore, Carbon allocation, root exudation and mycorrhizal colonisation of Pinus echinata seedlings grown under COj enrichment. Tree Physiology. L203 (1987). 

C. E. Heijnen, C. H. Hok-a-Hin, and J. D. Van Elsas, Root colonisation by Pseudomonas fluorescens introduced into soil amended with betonite. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25 239 (1993). 

P. J. Robinson, J. T. Walker, C. W. Keevil, and J. Cole, Reporter genes and fluorescent-probes for studying the colonisation of biofilms in a drinking-water supply line by enteric bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. 729 183 (1995). 

Wooden hatch covers may support and encourage growth, particularly of fungi, and powders, caked onto the stirrer shaft and lid, moistened with condensation and not biocidally protected, can also become colonised by micro-organisms. 

Water extendible metalworking fluids are susceptible to contamination by microorganisms, used coolants in particular can be very easily colonised. Metalworking systems are open to the air and are constantly inoculated with micro-organisms. Sources of inoculum include ... 

Rose, H. (2000), Colonising the social sciences , in H. Rose and S. P. R. Rose (Eds), Alas Poor Darwin, Cape Random House, London, pp. 106-128. 

Teat canal Colonisation Microbial species, cellular reaction, milking... 

Microbial contamination of the external aperture of the teat canal often leads to colonisation of the whole teat canal, which can persist for long periods during the lactation (Persson, 1990). The common characteristic of this... 

Several bacteria in the natural gut flora or non-pathogenic bacteria which can colonise the gut have been shown to have preventive or even therapeutic effects on pathogens. Most commonly used and studied are bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (see Fig. 13.2) they have been shown to stimulate the innate immune system to produce cytokines, antimicrobial compounds and other metabolites affecting either the host and/or enteric bacteria (Aattouri et al., 2001 Xuan et al., 2001 Kralik et al, 2004 Scharek et al., 2005 Tannock, 2005 Davis et al., 2006). 

The idea that inulin-type fructans are fermented by bacteria colonising the large bowel is supported by many in vitro (both analytic and microbiological) and in vivo studies, which, in addition, confirm the production of lactic and short-chain carboxylic acids as end products of the fermentation (Tanner, 2005). Furthermore, it was shown inhuman in vivo studies that this fermentation leads to the selective stimulation of growth of the bifidobacteria population, making inulin-type fructans the prototypes of prebiotics (Roberfroid, 1997 Roberfroid, 2001). 

Nisbet D. (2002). Defined competitive exclusion cultures in the prevention of enteropathogen colonisation in poultry and swine . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 81, 481 186. 

Elmholt S and Hestbjerg H (2000), Field ecology of the ochratoxin A-producing Penicillium verrucosum Survival and resource colonisation in soil , Mycopathologia, 147, 67-81. 

Faeces from colonised cows may contain from 102 to 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of Salmonella cells per gram of faeces. Particularly calves and heifers colonised with E. coli 0157 H7 may shed the bacteria at levels ranging from 102 to 105 CFU g 1 (Himathongham el al., 1999). Furthermore, calves younger than four months are the main domestic animals that excrete pathogenic protozoa like Giardia and Cryptosporidia. 

Husebye E, Skar V, Hoverstad T, Iversen T, Melby K Abnormal intestinal motor patterns explain enteric colonisation with Gram-negative bacilli in late radiation enteropathy. Gastroenterology 1995 109 1078-1089. 

Wilcox CM, Waites KB, Smith PD No relationship between gastric pH, small bowel bacterial colonisation, and diarrhoea in HIV-1-infected patients. Gut 1999 44 101-105. 

Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, could deposit Earth bacteria on the Martian surface, which fortuitously could find an environment in which to colonise. One possible false alarm for Martian life exploration is that evidence is found on the Martian surface of life on Earth. Extreme measures have been taken with the NASA spacecraft to use exposure to the UV radiation from the Sun to sterilise the spacecraft, rotating the various surfaces to face a prolonged exposure, but none of this could guarantee a sterile spacecraft. 

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