Colloids water soluble

Table 1.1 shows the proportion of the several constituents found in the dissolved, diffusible state. Actually, phosphate is present in five classes of compounds inorganic dissolved, inorganic colloidal, water-soluble esters, ester-bound in caseins, and lipid. These can be determined by making the following analyses ... 

In mass polymerization bulk monomer is converted to polymers. In solution polymerization the reaction is completed in the presence of a solvent. In suspension, dispersed mass, pearl or granular polymerization the monomer, containing dissolved initiator, is polymerized while dispersed in the form of fine droplets in a second non-reactive liquid (usually water). In emulsion polymerization an aqueous emulsion of the monomer in the presence of a water-soluble initiator Is converted to a polymer latex (colloidal dispersion of polymer in water). 

Goddard G D 1986 Polymer-surfaotant interaotion. Part 1. Unoharged water-soluble polymers and oharged surfaotants Colloid Surf. 19 255-300... 

Cabane B and Dupplessix R 1985 Neutron soattering study of water-soluble polymers adsorbed on surfaotant mioelles Colloids Surf. 13 19-33... 

Hydrated Stannic Oxide. Hydrated stannic oxide of variable water content is obtained by the hydrolysis of stannates. Acidification of a sodium stannate solution precipitates the hydrate as a flocculent white mass. The colloidal solution, which is obtained by washing the mass free of water-soluble ions and peptization with potassium hydroxide, is stable below 50°C and forms the basis for the patented Tin Sol process for replenishing tin in staimate tin-plating baths. A similar type of solution (Staimasol A and B) is prepared by the direct electrolysis of concentrated potassium staimate solutions (26). 

P. Molyneux, in G. Stamsby, ed.. The Chemistry and Theolog i of Water-Soluble Gums and Colloids S.C.l. Monograph No. 24, Society of Chemical Industries, London, 1966, p. 91. 

Since poly(vinyl acetate) is usually used in an emulsion form, the emulsion polymerisation process is commonly used. In a typical system, approximately equal quantities of vinyl acetate and water are stirred together in the presence of a suitable colloid-emulsifier system, such as poly(vinyl alcohol) and sodium lauryl sulphate, and a water-soluble initiator such as potassium persulphate. 

The colloidal palladium solution is prepared as follows A solution of a palladium salt is added to a solution of an alkali salt of an acid of high molecular weight, the sodium salt of protalbinic acid being suitable. An excess of alkali dissolves the precipitate formed, and the solution contains tine palladium in the form of a hydrosol of its hydroxide. The solution is purified by dialysis, and the hydroxide reduced with hydrazine hydrate. On further dialysis and evaporation to dryness a water-soluble product is obtained, consisting of colloidal palladium and sodium protalbinate, the latter acting as a protective colloid. 

A colorless, colloidal precipitate was formed and stirred thoroughly for about 15 minutes, whereupon it was filtered by suction. The raw product thus obtained was washed with water until It contained only about Va% water-soluble salts. After drying for 12 hours In a vacuum apparatus at 60°C and under a pressure of 12 mm Hg, the product had the form of hard pieces. The pieces were comminuted to powder in a ball mill and the powder was passed through a sieve (3,600 meshes per cm ). The small residue on the sieve was again pulverized and passed through the same sieve. The yield was 870 g, or 99% of theoretical, calculated on the assumed formula... 

Overview. Humans living in areas surrounding hazardous waste sites may be exposed to endosulfan primarily via dermal contact with or ingestion of contaminated soils since this compound is found bound to soil particles. Although endosulfan can be found in water as colloidal suspensions adsorbed to particles, ingestion of contaminated finished drinking water is not expected to be a major route of exposure since endosulfan is not very water soluble. Likewise, inhalation exposure to endosulfan via volatilization from contaminated media is not a major route of exposure since endosulfan is not very... 

Modification of the gelling characteristics of certain water-soluble colloids... 

Using long-chain alkylsulfobetaines as the stabilizer, a number of highly water soluble nanometal colloids have been isolated in excellent yields (see Figure 8). The core particle size can be tailored between 1 and 10 nm. TEM examinations have shown that the resulting materials are generally mono-disperse. Further, a combination of spectroscopic methods confirmed the zerovalent nature of the metal cores [200]. 

As alternatives to amphiphilic betaines, a wide range of cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactants including environmentally benign sugar soaps have been successfully used as colloidal stabilizers [201]. Electrochemical reduction of the metal salts provides a very clean access to water soluble nanometal colloids [192]. 

Sodium salts of sulfonated triphenylphosphine P(m-C5H4S03Na)3 or alkyltriphenyl-methyltrisulfonates function as stabilizers for hydrosols of colloidal rhodium and (C6H5)2P-p-C6H5S03Na has been used by Schmid to prepare water soluble gold clusters which are isolable and redispersible without agglomeration [202]. 

PVP, a water soluble amine-based pol5mer, was found to be an optimum protective agent because the reduction of noble metal salts by polyols in the presence of other surfactants often resulted in non-homogenous colloidal dispersions. PVP was the first material to be used for generating silver and silver-palladium stabilized particles by the polyol method [231-233]. By reducing the precur-sor/PVP ratio, it is even possible to reduce the size of the metal particles to few nanometers. These colloidal particles are isolable but surface contaminations are easily recognized because samples washed with the solvent and dried in the air are subsquently not any more pyrophoric [231,234 236]. 

The stabilization of water-oil emulsions happens as a result of the interfacial layers, which mainly consist of colloids present in the crude oil—asphaltenes and resins. By adding demulsifiers, the emulsion breaks up. With water-soluble... 

Savinova ER, Chuvilin AL, Parmon VN. 1988. Copper colloids stabilized by water-soluble polymers Part 1. Preparation and Properties. J Mol Catal 48 217-229. 

A class of systems extensively investigated by means of PFG-NMR are colloids. They are usually hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymers, that is, polymers with a water-soluble skeleton bearing one or more hydrophobic units, which allow the self-assembling of the polymer in water solution and the interaction with surfactants.77... 

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