Colloids, novel

The interactions between colloidal particles (see section C2.6.4) are central to tire understanding of suspension behaviour. Aitlrough most work has had to rely on ratlrer indirect ways to characterize tlrese interactions, novel teclmiques are emerging tlrat access tlrese interactions more directly. 

Short-time Brownian motion was simulated and compared with experiments [108]. The structural evolution and dynamics [109] and the translational and bond-orientational order [110] were simulated with Brownian dynamics (BD) for dense binary colloidal mixtures. The short-time dynamics was investigated through the velocity autocorrelation function [111] and an algebraic decay of velocity fluctuation in a confined liquid was found [112]. Dissipative particle dynamics [113] is an attempt to bridge the gap between atomistic and mesoscopic simulation. Colloidal adsorption was simulated with BD [114]. The hydrodynamic forces, usually friction forces, are found to be able to enhance the self-diffusion of colloidal particles [115]. A novel MC approach to the dynamics of fluids was proposed in Ref. 116. Spinodal decomposition [117] in binary fluids was simulated. BD simulations for hard spherocylinders in the isotropic [118] and in the nematic phase [119] were done. A two-site Yukawa system [120] was studied with... 

Oluwafemi, O. S. (2009). A Novel Green Synthesis of Starch-Capped CdSe Nanostructures. Journal of Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces, 73, 382-386. 

The reviews collected in this book convey some of the themes recurrent in nano-colloid science self-assembly, constraction of supramolecular architecture, nanoconfmement and compartmentalization, measurement and control of interfacial forces, novel synthetic materials, and computer simulation. They also reveal the interaction of a spectrum of disciplines in which physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science intersect. Not only is the vast range of industrial and technological applications depicted, but it is also shown how this new way of thinking has generated exciting developments in fundamental science. Some of the chapters also skirt the frontiers, where there are still unanswered questions. 

Photoreduction of CO2 to formate in metal sulfide colloids has been reported to provide a novel photosynthetic route for production of methanol as the end-product... 

In summary, we have described our approach towards the synthesis of novel nano-objects consisting of a metal core and a surface that may be functionalized by addition of organic ligands. TEM pictures of the metal core of these nanoparticles appear similar to those of particles commonly used in heterogeneous catalysis or to colloids prepared by well-known reduction methods. However, the organometallic approach displays several specificities which can be summarized as follows ... 

Paciotti, G.F., Myer, L., Weinreich, D., Goia, D., Pavel, N., McLaughlin, R.E. and Tamarkin, L. (2004) Colloidal gold a novel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug delivery. Drug Delivery, 11, 169-183. 

Reduction of two different precious metal ions by refluxing in ethanol/water in the presence of PVP gave a colloidal dispersion of core/shell structured bimetallic nanoparticles. In the case of Pd and Au ions, e.g., the colloidal dispersions of bimetallic nanoparticles with a Au core/Pd shell structure are produced. In contrast, it is difficult to prepare bimetallic nanoparticles with the inverted core/shell (in this case, Pd-core/Au-shell) structure. The sacrificial hydrogen strategy was used to construct the inverted core/shell structure, where the colloidal dispersions of Pd-cores are treated with hydrogen and then the solution of the second element, Au ions, is slowly added to the dispersions. This novel method, developed by us, gave the inverted core/shell structured bimetallic nanoparticles. The Pd-core/Au-shell structure was confirmed by FT-IR spectra of adsorbed CO [144]. 

The emphases of future investigation on these unprotected metal nanoclusters should be mainly placed on (1) further controlling the size, composition and shape of the unprotected metal or alloy nanoclusters (2) better understanding the stabilizing mechanism of the unprotected metal nanoclusters in colloidal solutions prepared by the alkaline EG synthesis method (3) developing novel catalytic and other functional systems for real applications. 

Nanometer size Pd colloids in block copolymer micelles of polystyrene polyvinylpyridine as catalysts have been used is a novel way by Klingelhofer for Heck reaction of C-C coupling of aryl halides with olefins. 

Schmidt TJ, Jusys Z, Gasteiger HA, Behm RJ, Endruschat U, Boennemann H. 2001. On the CO tolerance of novel colloidal PdAu/carbon electrocatalysts. J Electroanal Chem 501 132-140. 

Separation of colloids by GPC is an important technical advance that may help in the characterization of novel materials. One such separation was the shape separation of gold particles of nanometer size by GPC on a Nucleogel GFC 1000-8 column using sodium dodecyl sulfate and Brij-35 [polyoxyethylene (23) dodecanol] to modulate the adsorption properties of the colloidal gold.42 Rodlike and spherical particles were separated using UV-VIS detection. 

Wu YD, Wang LS, Xiao MW, Huang XJ (2008) A novel sonochemical synthesis and nanostructured assembly of polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped CdS colloidal nanoparticles. J Non-Cryst Solid 354(26) 2993-3000... 

Meijer, E. J. Azhar, F. El, Novel procedure to determine coexistence lines by computer simulation, application to hard-core Yukawa model for charge-stabilized colloids, J. Chem. Phys. 1997,106, 4678-4683... 

Film Formation. A novel feature of these Au-organic solvent colloids is their film forming properties that can be induced simply by solvent stripping. In this sense they are "living" colloidal particles. Films formed in this way are conductive, but less so than pure metals. (in ) The higher resistance of the films is due to the incorporation of substantial portions of the organic solvent, which can partially be removed by heating, and resistivity then decreases.(M1)... 

Antonietti, M. (2001) Surfactants for novel templating applications. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science,... 

Libutti SK, Paciotti GF, Byrnes AA, Alexander HR Jr, Gannon WE, Walker M, Seidel GD, Yuldasheva N, Tamarkin L (2010) Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of CYT-6091, a novel PEGylated colloidal gold-rhTNF nanomedicine. Clin Cancer Res 16 6139-149... 

One particularly novel carrier was reported to consist of 50-70 nm colloidal gold particles of the type often used in cytochemical labeling techniques for microscopy (Pow and Crook, 1993) (Chapter 24). Adsorption of peptide antigens onto gold and subsequent injection of the complex into rabbits in an adjuvant mixture resulted in rapid production of antibody of extremely high titer. The resultant antibodies could be used in immunocytochemistry at dilutions from l-in-250,000 down to l-in-1,000,000, which is orders-of-magnitude beyond the dilutions typically used with lower-titer antibodies. 

Novel thermally responsive polymeric nanoparticles that show high colloidal stability were prepared by Laukkanen et al. via emulsion polymerisation of VCL in the presence of the amphiphilic macromonomer cw-methoxy polyethylene oxide undecyl a-methacrylate (MAC11EO42) (Fig. 15) [177,178,182]. The macromonomer itself proved to be highly sur-... 

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