Collaboration Frameworks

Figure 9.11 on the next page shows the collaboration framework as we would normally draw it. The subject-observers association links particular instances of the two types, and the update action applies only to Observers that have a current Subject. The register action links a particular Subject to a particular Observer. It is a joint action We have not specified here how it happens or even to whom you send the message to make it happen we have specified only that there should be such an action, with responsibility for executing it distributed somehow between Subject and Observer. When designers apply the framework to a particular pair of types, it tells them to provide this facility. 

A type of connector is defined as a generic collaboration framework (see Chapter 9). The interactions between components can be complex, and part of the complexity comes from the techniques that permit them to be coupled in many configurations. The same patterns are repeated over and over—each time, for example, we want work to flow from one component to another or we want a component to be kept up-to-date about the attributes of another. 

Notice that a collaboration framework (see Section 9.3, Collaboration Frameworks) is a set of roles coupled by actions—a logical extension of this pattern. 

He presented the Committee with information on the new structure of the Department as a result of changes in December 2004 and January 2005. Activities and operations were in line with the four-year Medicines Strategy, development and promotion of standards, international treaties, the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the WHO Model Formulary, collection of evidence for medicines policies (including national medicines policies, access to and rational use of medicines and adherence to treatment), and promotion of consistency in pharmaceutical matters in United Nations agencies in a collaborative framework. 

Acknowledgements are addressed to the NATO-ASI project Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats (ASI 981563) for offering the opportunity to participate to this event, and to the Socrates Erasmus Curricula Development projects carried out in Transilvania University of Brasov during 2000-2005, for the chance to develop new syllabus and courses based on international collaboration framework. 

In conclusion, this chapter illustrates how safety issue investigation can be effectively incorporated in the discovery space, both to address safety concerns around a target and observed safety findings in animal studies, with two illustrative examples. In addition, a collaborative framework that includes and leverages the diverse drug discovery and development functions has been discussed. In the end, these activities should contribute to the selection of candidate molecules with optimized and well-characterized safety profiles and ultimately drugs with an optimal chance of clinical success. 

All the questions posed in the Data Collaboration framework appear as constrained optimization problems [72]. Typically, there are both inequality and equality constraints. If /, g, and h are functions, then a constrained optimization problem is of the form... 

For scientists, the report s findings underscored the tensions between those who argued that increased research could produce more data and those who argued that data merely obscured the uncertainties in any attempt to quantify hazards in risky environments. One respondent praised the utility of the collaborative framework but argued that this should not mean that risk as-sessment becomes a political process. - TTtis reviewer concluded, Risk assessment must be science based. Stakeholders can contribute by providing scientific information. ... 

National Network for Collaboration (1995). Collaboration framework—Addressing community capacity. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, USDA. Retrieved November 30, 2001, from http //www.c3rfemet.org/nnco/framework.html. 

A number of handbooks and monographs are available with detailed descriptions of a variety of plant products and their use (Shahidi and Naczk, 1995). From a more practical point of view, an interlaboratory comparison between six university and industry laboratories of 17 extracts of spices, teas, coffees, and grape skin and of tomato peel slurry established within the framework of an EU sponsored programme, would be of interest (Schwarz et al, 2001). In this collaboration, detailed chemical analysis of the content of different phenolic compounds is compared with six antioxidant assays for the 17 extracts including different extraction procedures. 

We would like to express our gratitude to all the collaborators who have contributed to the work described in this chapter. We are also indebted to M. T. M. Koper for a thorough reading of the manuscript and for suggesting a number of improvements. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the ANR (in the framework of Chaire d ExceUence (E.S.) and the Carbocell and MDM projects (F.M.)), RFBR, DFG, and BMBF. 

The Greek and Dutch governments have a framework of bilateral collaboration in the field of environmental protection. One result of this has been that clean technology has been applied in a full-scale cooperative R D project between the two countries at the Germanakos tannery. The project was carried out with the support of the Commission of the European Communities. 

The coordinated approach contracting relationships built on collaboration, trust and close interpersonal ties define the coordinated approach. This approach means that the producer inherits the responsibility and costs of social auditing as they are passed down the supply chain. This is achieved, however, within the framework of close retailer-supplier relationships. Although subcontracting exists, known networks of traceable suppliers are involved. As such, it is possible to exert considerably greater control over the ethical trading process. 

The work has been supported by EU 5 Framework Programme projects (QLK5-1999-01267, QLK3-2000-01528, QLK3-2001-01676) and by domestic sources (OTKA, FKFP, OMFB, OM KFHAT). International collaboration within the EU network COST Action 841 is greatly appreciated. 

Instead of sharing the measurements related to the target state among the collaborating sensors, sharing the information form of the observations results in a simple additive fusion framework that can be run on each of the tiny sensing devices. The distributed data fusion equations are... 

The algorithm employed by a sensor for tracking targets in a collaborative manner within the distributed data fusion framework is depicted in Fig. 7. The information state and the information matrix are defined by (5). The predicted information state and the information matrix are computed by (7). The sensor s current belief is updated by its own... 

In general, a component framework is a collaboration in which all the components are specified with type models some of them may come with their own implementations.22 To use the framework, you plug in components that fulfill the specifications. The plug-in implementations may do far more than the spec requires that doesn t matter, provided that... 

Catalysis is based on three modeling concepts—type, collaboration, and refinement—and frameworks are used to describe recurring patterns of these three (see Figure 1.35). With these concepts we build a great variety of patterns of models and designs. Types and refinement are familiar to people who are accustomed to precise modeling. Collaborations and frameworks are perhaps more novel, and they add an important degree of expressive power. 

Pattern reuse and full extensibility Catalysis frameworks can be used to define domain-specific patterns of models, collaboration protocols, and component/connector... 

This style of collaboration is common when each participant is one role of many played by some other object and the collaboration is part of a framework. These generic pieces of design are rarely about one object. Instead, they are about the relationships and interactions between members of groups of objects. Most of the design patterns discussed in books and bulletin boards are based on such collaborations for example, the observer pattern, which keeps many views up-to-date with one subject or proxy, which provides a local representative of a remote object or any of the more specialized design ideas that are fitted together to make any system. 

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