Cold filter plugging point biodiesel

However, one of the limitations of using biodiesel fuel for diesel engines is higher cold flow properties compared with petroleum diesel fuel (4). Cold properties consist of cloud point, pour point, and cold filter plugging point. The cloud point is a temperature at which the fuel starts to thicken and cloud, the pour point is a temperature at which the fuel thickens and no longer pours, and the cold filter plugging point is the lowest temperature at which fuel still flows through a specific filter. These... 

The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) indicates the possibility of using the fuel in low-temperature conditions. Similar information is given by the pour point , as well as by the cloud point . Biodiesel shows higher CFPP values, namely at larger content in saturated esters. The rapeseed methyl ester (pour point at —9°C) exhibits good behavior compared with the palm methyl ester (pour point at 10 °C). 

Cold flow properties are of major importance in winter diesel. Cold performance limits are set to guarantee lack of crystallization. These are expressed as Cloud Point (CP), Pour Point (PP), or as Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP). For B100 biodiesel these have to be fully met with the biodiesel, and, if needed, with extra crystal retardation additives. In B2-B30 blends, though, the tendency is rather towards two types of Biodiesel, one for summertime (for example with CFPP of 0°C), and one for wintertime (for example with CFPP -10 °C). 

The viability of MES is dependent on the availability of the ME at a reasonable price. The Asia Pacific region, where Malaysia and Indonesia lead the world s palm oil production, offers a stable source for the palm oils or derivatives for producing ME. The interest in biodiesel from palm oil and the need for biodiesel to have a low cold filter plugging point (CEPP) will provide a ready supply of C16 ME that can be subsequently converted into a surfactant. 

The oils and the biodiesel products of the transesterification procedures are mainly characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance ( H-NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. The H-NMR technique provides chemical characteristics of the oils, fats, and products and the conversion degrees of the transesterification procedures. GC allows a more accurate characterization of the molecular species involved in the transesterification procedure. Additionally, the Analysis Biodiesel Protocol for the characterization of the methyl or ethyl biodiesel must include information of the following physicochemical techniques kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, free and total glycerol, ethanol residue, sulfur content, acid number, oxidative stability, and refractive index. 

Besides CP (ASTM D2500) and PP (ASTM D97), two test methods for the low-temperature flow properties of conventional DF exist, namely the low-temperature flow test (LTFT used in North America ASTM D4539), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP used outside North America for example the European standard EN 116) (CEN). These methods have also been used to evaluate biodiesel and its blends with No. 1 and No. 2 conventional DF. Low-temperature filterability tests were stated to be necessary because of better correlation with operability tests than CP or PP (Owen and Coley, 1995). However, for fuel formulations containing at least 10 vol% methyl esters, both LTFT and CFPP are linear functions of CP (Dunn and Bagby, 1995). Additional statistical analysis showed a strong 1 1 correlation between LTFT and CP (Dunn and Bagby, 1995). 

Duarte and Maugeri (2014) studied lipid production by Candida sp. LEB-M3 cultivated in pure and raw glycerol. The feasibility of biodiesel production by the yeast Candida sp. LEB-M3 was indicated by predicting FAME properties for pure and raw glycerol respectively, including cetane number (56—53), heat of combustion (37—39 kJ/g), oxidative stability (8.58 h), kinematic viscosity (3.82—3.79 mm /s), density (807—872 kg/m ), and iodine index (74—115.5 gE/lOOg). Leiva-Candia et al. (2015) estimated biodiesel properties produced from SCO derived from Rhodosporidium toruloides, Lipomyces starkey, and Cryptococcus curvatus cultivated on biodiesel by-product streams. More specifically, cetane number (62.39—69.74), lower calorific value (37,393.49—37,561.68 kJ/kg), cold-filter plugging point (4.29—9.58°C), flash point (158.73—170.34°C), and kinematic viscosity (4.6—34.87 mm /sat 40°C) were determined. 

Pour point represents the lowest temperature at which a fuel sample will still flow, when the temperature is decreased at a specified rate below the CP and the crystals are large enough (and agglomerate) to plug fuel filter systems. Examination of the sample is made at 3 °C intervals. The PP provides an index of the lowest temperature of the fuel s utility for certain applications. In addition, the PP has implications for the handling of fuels at cold temperature. The repeatability of the PP test is <3 and the reproducibility is <6 °C (ASTM D-97 (AFNOR T60-105)). Biodiesel fuels derived from fats or oils which have significant amounts of saturated fatty compounds will display high CP and PP values. 

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