Coffee Rubiaceae

Methyl derivatives of xanthine (2,3-dioxypurine) namely caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine), theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) (Section 1, Appendix) are variously found in plants used for stimulatory drinks such as Ilex paraguayensis (mate) (Aquifoliaceae), Coffea species (coffee) (Rubiaceae), Paullinia cupana (guarana) (Sapindaceae), Cola acuminata (cola) and Theabroma cacao (cocoa) (Sterculiaceae) and Camellia sinensis (tea) (Theaceae). These methylxanthines are variously active as inhibitors of... 

Ilex paraguayensis (mate) (Aquifoliaceae), Coffea arabica, Coffea spp. (coffee) (Rubiaceae) [coffee bean], Paullinia cupana (guarana) (Sapindaceae),... 

Widespread Cynara scolymus (artichoke), Heliantkus annuus (Asteraceae) [leaf], Cqffea arabica (coffee) (Rubiaceae), Camellia sinensis (tea) (Theaceae)... 

The coffee plant is a relatively small tree or shmb belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is often controlled to a height of 3 to 5 meters. Coffea arabica (milds) accounts for 69% of world production Coffea canephora (robustas), 30% and Coffea liberica and others, 1%. Each of these species includes several varieties. After the spring rains the plant produces white flowers. About sis months later the flowers are replaced by fmit approximately the size of a small cherry, hence they are called cherry. The fmit on a tree can include underripe, ripe (red, yellow, and purple color), and overripe cherries. It can be selectively picked (ripe only) or strip picked (predominantly ripe plus some underripe and overripe). 

The two main species of commercial interest in the genus Coffea are Coffea arabica and Coffe a canephora var. robusta. They are conveniently referred to as Arabica and Robusta, respectively. Each genus covers a number of varietals there are at least 13 varieties of Arabica coffees, for example. The genus is in the botanical family of Rubiaceae. 

So far cyclotides have been discovered in plants from the Violaceae (violet), Rubiaceae (coffee), and Cucurbitaceae (cucumber) families " and have been divided mainly into two structural subfamilies called the Mobius and bracelet cyclotides. These two cyclotide subfamilies are distinguished by the presence of a ar-proline residue in loop 5 for the Mobius subfamily. ° ° On the basis of their trypsin inhibitory activity, the two cyclotides MCoTi-I and MCoTi-II from the seeds of the tropical vine Momordica cochmchinensu form a third subfamily, referred to as the trypsin inhibitor subfamily of cyclotides. No other cyclotides have this activity. 

The Coffee (syn. Madder) botanical family (Rubiaceae Juss.) (Table 15) consists of more than 400 genera and over 6000 species. It grows in the tropics and the sub-tropics. Plants belonging to this family include trees, bushes and liane. The Coffee plant family contains two major purines of adenine- /guanine-derived alkaloids, the so-called purine alkaloids . Purine is a nitrogenous base of nucleotide, which consists of just purine and pentose sugar (o-ribose or 2 deoxy-D-ribose). Typical purine alkaloids are caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. The same or similar purine alkaloids occur also in other plant families. 

By way of example, you can quickly find from the Plant Genus Index what has been found in Coffea arabica (family Rubiaceae) (coffee), the entry being ... 

Methoxy-3,5- Cojfea spp. (coffee seed) (Rubiaceae) OD-R (earthy)... 

Furfuryl mercaptan (= Furanmethanthiol) (furan thiol) Coffea spp. (coffee seed) (Rubiaceae) [from roasted coffee] identified by Hermann Staudinger (Germany, Nobel Prize, Chemistry, 1953, polyisoprenoids coined term macromolecule ) OD-R (coffee odour)... 

The genera in the family of Rubiaceae (Table 1) include cinchona and coffee. 

COFFEE, Coffeae semen Coffee is the roasted seed from different Coffea-sptcits, family Rubiaceae, such as Coffea arabica L., Coffea liberica Bull ex. Hierm. and Coffea robusta Lind., which originally gave Mountain coffee, Liberian coffee, and Congo coffee, respectively. Now coffee is cultivated on a... 

Coffeae semen Coffee beans CoiTea arabica L., other species Rubiaceae MD, DAB 10 (caffeine) 0.3%-2.3% caffeine theophylline (traces) Chlorogenic acid Fig. 29,30... 

Thc most common ayahuasca admixture plant in use in Amazonian Peni, also used in Amazonian Ecuador and Brasil, is Psychotria viridis, in the Rubiaceae or coffee family (Schultes Hofmann 1980), Known as chacruna in Peru, and sami ruca (Kbhn 1992) or amirucapanga in Ecuador (Miller 1993), like Diplopterys cabrerana, the leaves, of this shrub are added to ayahuasca to strengthen its visionary potency (Kensinger 1973 Prance 1970 Prance Prance 1970 Prance etal 1977 Schultes 1969B "Weiss 1973). As in the case with D. cabrerana, dmt was found to be the main active ingredient in P. viridis leaves (Der Marderosian et al. 1970). From... 

The Coffee (syn. Madder) botanical family Rubiaceae Juss.) (Table 1.15) consists of more than 400 genera and over 6000 species. It grows in the tropics and the subtropics. Plants belonging to this family include trees,... 

Purines also occur in common beverages. For example, it is customary to drink tea, coffee, cocoa, mate, guarana, and other related stimulating drinks in many places in the world. Coffee, red tea, green tea, and cocoa are representative drinks that are widely appreciated all over the world. Among these, coffee is prepared from the seeds of Cqffea arabica or Coffea robusta (Rubiaceae), and red tea and green tea are prepared from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (Theaceae). Cocoa is prepared from the seeds of Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae). These drinks all contain purine derivatives, i.e., caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. The history of the research on caffeine and theophylline is old, and these alkaloids were isolated as long ago as 1820 by Pelletier and Caventou. Total syntheses of these alkaloids were attempted at the end of the nineteenth century [3,4]. 

Coffee, Cojfea arabica and Cojfea canephora (Rubiaceae), is native to East Africa but widely cultivated in many tropical countries. The seeds contain 1-2% caffeine com-plexed with chlorogenic acid. All parts of the coffee plant contain caffeine, although the greatest concentration is in the fruits (Waller and Nowacki, 1978). Caffeine also occurs in Genipa and Oldenlandia (both Rubiaceae) (Hemingway... 

Caffeine is found in a number of botanically unrelated species, including Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), or tea. Cola nitida (Sterculaciaceae), or kola nut, and Paullinia cupana (Sapindaceae), or guarana. Caffeine is bound to chlorogenic acid in raw coffee beans, the roasting process liberating the caffeine and other compounds that contribute to the aroma of coffee (Samuelsson 1992). 

One plant family with considerable chemical potential is the Rubiaceae. It is a large plant family, with 13,143 registered species distributed in 611 genera [24]. Rubiaceae species are distributed mostly in tropical and humid locations. Plants belonging to this family can be easily recognized in the field by their opposite leaves, interpetiolar stipules, and inferior ovary (Fig. 5.1). The most widely known Rubiaceae representative is the coffee plant, Cojfea arabica. Its main active constituent, caffeine, is one of the most extensively studied plant compounds [25]. 

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