Cockles

Picrotoxin is a mixture of pircotin (non-toxic) and picrotoxinin, which occurs in the seeds of the Asiatic climber Anamirta cocculus (levent berry, cockles). It is a non-competitive antagonist at the y -aminobutyric acidA (GABAa) receptor. 

Hunt GJ. 1998. Transfer across the human gut of environmental plutonium, americium, cobalt, caesium and technetium Studies with cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from the Irish Sea. J Radiol Prot 18(2) 101-109. 

Relating the effects caused by specific allelochemicals to those caused by an allelopathic plant is complicated because the inhibitory substances released from a plant are often unknown, and generally several different compounds are involved. However, the actions of the weeds studied in our investigations have certain parallels to those found from pCA and FA. The allelopathic nature of Kochi a, Jerusalem artichoke, and cocklebur was established, since both aque-ous extracts and weed residues reduced sorghum growth. The data show a concentration dependency characteristic of allelopathy, and some difference in toxicity among the three weeds was observed with cockle-bur the most toxic. 

In addition to morningglory, similar trends were observed for cockle-bur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.). Higher cocklebur populations were observed in tilled plots than in non-tilled plots (data not shown). 

Bangor Naval Submarine Base, on the Hood Canal in the State of Washington, provides fine recreational facilities for service people stationed there, as well as for civilian employees. A proposal to divert runoff from munitions-contaminated areas towards the recreational fishing pond, Cattail Lake, led to a decision to identify hazard levels for the compounds of interest. In addition to trout, there was concern over contamination of bivalves, such as oysters, cockles, and clams, at the pond s outlet to Hood Canal. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs), assumed applicable for both fish and bivalves, were developed for three compounds (Table III). BCFs, together with Uj. values and worst-case levels of fish or bivalve consumption (0.4 kg/day) provided PPLVs for the pond water, according to the equation... 

Savari, A., A.P.M. Lockwood, and M. Sheader. 1991. Effects of season and size (age) on heavy metal concentrations of the common cockle (Cerastoderma edule (L.)) from Southampton water. Jour. Mollus-can Stud. 57 45-57. 

Scanes, P. 1993. Trace metal uptake in cockles Anadara trapezium from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 102 135-142. 

In the Fal estuary, England, long-term metal pollution over the past 120 years has resulted in zinc sediment levels between 679 and 1780 mg/kg DW, producing benthic communities that favor zinc-tolerant organisms, such as oysters and nereid polychaetes, and a general impoverishment of mussels, cockles, other polychaetes, and gastropods (Bryan et al. 1987). 

Wootton, E. C., Dyrynda, E. A. and Ratcliffe, N. A. Bivalve immunity comparisons between the marine mussel (Mytius edulis), the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and the razor shell (Ensis siliqua), Fish Shellfish Immunol., 15, 195, 2003. 

Cockles, world aquaculture production in 1996, 3 186t Cocoa, 6 358... 

Goering, K. Fritts, D. H., and Allen, G. D. (1974). A comparison of loss of birefringence with the percent gelatinization and viscosity on potato, wheat, rice, corn, cow cockle, and several barley starches. Cereal Chem. 51, 764-771. 

Malcherek, K., Breuer, J., Schumphan, L, and Schmidt, B., 1998, Metabolism of 4-nitrophenol in asepticaly cultivated plants of the species wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean Glycine max L.), wild oat Avena fatua L.) and com cockle Agrostemma githago L.). J. Plant Physiol. 153 192-199. 

Bivalve shellfish, primarily scallops, mussels, clams, oysters, and cockles Specific herbivorous fish and crabs... 

Terrestrial (land) snails Marine snails Whelks Conches Bivalves Clams Oysters Mussels Scallops Cockles Cephalopods Squids Octopuses Cuttlefishes... 

Although bivalves are likely the most frequently ingested class of molluscan shellfish, the existence of allergic reactions to bivalves is rather poorly documented in the medical literature. IgE-mediated allergic reactions to oyster, clam, scallop, mussel, and cockle have been reported as described below. 

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