Cobalt catalysed reactions

The cobalt-catalysed reaction between aryl bromides and Grignard reagents assisted by IMes HCl is also known, however the substrate scope is quit narrow and good yields are only obtained when non-branched long chain alkyl magnesium chlorides are used as coupling reagents [80] (Scheme 6 19)... 

In the nickel- and cobalt-catalysed reactions [166,207] it was observed that the butene distribution depended upon the temperature of reduction of the catalyst. For both powders and alumina-supported catalysts prepared by reduction of the oxides, reduction at temperatures below ca. 330° C gave catalysts which exhibited so-called Type A behaviour where but-2-ene was the major product and the frans-but-2-ene/cis-but-2-ene ratio was around unity. Reduction above 360° C (Ni) or 440° C (Co) yielded catalysts which gave frans-but-2-ene as the major product (Type B behaviour). It is of interest to note that the yield of cis-but-2-ene was not significantly dependent upon the catalyst reduction temperature with either metal. 

Substituted benzocyclobutenes, indans, and tetralins can be synthesized in good yield by the related co-oligomerization of a,-diynes is their reac-... 

As part of comparative studies, Iyer [47] reported the use of Vaska s complex [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2l (92) in intermolecular Mizoroki-Heck-type reactions of methyl acrylate (1) and styrene (2). Aryl iodides could be used as electrophiles, while bromobenzene, chlorobenzene and aliphatic halides gave no desired product. The catalytic activity was found to be lower than that observed when using Wilkinson s complex [RhCl(PPh3)3] (84). Thus, a higher reaction temperature of 150 °C was mostly required. In contrast to the corresponding cobalt-catalysed reaction, however, Vaska s complex (92) proved applicable to orf/io-substituted aryl iodides (Scheme 10.33). 

Abstract This chapter focuses on carbon monoxide as a reagent in M-NHC catalysed reactions. The most important and popular of these reactions is hydro-formylation. Unfortunately, uncertainty exists as to the identity of the active catalyst and whether the NHC is bound to the catalyst in a number of the reported reactions. Mixed bidentate NHC complexes and cobalt-based complexes provide for better stability of the catalyst. Catalysts used for hydroaminomethylation and carbonyla-tion reactions show promise to rival traditional phosphine-based catalysts. Reports of decarbonylation are scarce, but the potential strength of the M-NHC bond is conducive to the harsh conditions required. This report will highlight, where appropriate, the potential benefits of exchanging traditional phosphorous ligands with iV-heterocyclic carbenes as well as cases where the role of the NHC might need re-evaluation. A review by the author on this topic has recently appeared [1]. 

Not unexpectedly, alkylation of the double carbonylated complex proceeds via a base-catalysed interfacial enolization step, but it is significant that the initial double carbonylation step also involves an interfacial reaction, as it has been shown that no pyruvic acid derivatives are obtained at low stirring rates. Further evidence comes from observations of the cobalt-catalysed carbonylation of secondary benzyl halides [8], where the overall reaction is more complex than that indicated by Scheme 8.3. In addition to the expected formation of the phenylacetic and phenylpyruvic acids, the reaction with 1-bromo-l-phenylethane also produces 3-phenylpropionic acid, 2,3-diphenylbutane, ethylbenzene and styrene (Scheme 8.4). The absence of secondary carbonylation of the phenylpropionylcobalt tetracarbonyl complex is consistent with the less favourable enolization of the phenylpropionyl group, compared with the phenylacetyl group. 

In spite of the general lack of detailed understanding of mechanism, the procedure is superior to that using the cobalt catalyst both in the overall yields and in the specificity of the reaction to produce only mono-carbonylation products. Prolonged reaction times may lead, however, to the formation of benzyl esters of the acids, as a result of a catalysed reaction of the halide with the carboxylate anion. 

Although the acylcobalt tetracarbonyls react with hydroxide ion under phase-transfer conditions, in the presence of alkenes and alkynes they form o-adducts rapidly via an initial interaction with the ir-electron system. Subsequent extrusion of the organometallic group as the cobalt tetracarbonyl anion leads to a,(J-unsaturated ketones (see Section 8.4). In contrast, the cobalt carbonyl catalysed reaction of phenylethyne in the presence of iodomethane forms the hydroxybut-2-enolide (5) in... 

A cobalt catalysed carbonylation reaction converts A-substituted 1-aza-1,3-dienes into A-allylacetamides by a reductive acylation process [31]. Acetamides are byproducts of the reaction. In contrast, Schiff bases undergo a double A,C-acetylation under the same conditions producing a-acetamido ketones and A,A-disubstituted acetamides [32],... 

Aryl methyl ketones have been obtained [4, 5] by a modification of the cobalt-catalysed procedure for the synthesis of aryl carboxylic acids (8.3.1). The cobalt tetracarbonyl anion is converted initially by iodomethane into the methyltetra-carbonyl cobalt complex, which reacts with the haloarene (Scheme 8.13). Carboxylic acids are generally obtained as by-products of the reaction and, in several cases, it is the carboxylic acid which predominates. Unlike the carbonylation of haloarenes to produce exclusively the carboxylic acids [6, 7], the reaction does not need photoinitiation. Replacement of the iodomethane with benzyl bromide leads to aryl benzyl ketones in low yield, e.g. 1-bromonaphthalene produces the benzyl ketone (15%), together with the 1-naphthoic acid (5%), phenylacetic acid (15%), 1,2-diphenylethane (15%), dibenzyl ketone (1%), and 56% unchanged starting material [4,5]. a-Bromomethyl ketones dimerize in the presence of cobalt octacarbonyl and... 

An application of industrial importance of Lewis acidic metal salts is the condensation of carboxylic diacids and diols to give polyesters. This is an acid catalysed reaction that in the laboratory is usually catalysed by protic acids. For this industrial application salts of manganese, nickel, or cobalt and the like are used. From a chemical point of view this chemistry may not be very exciting or complicated, the large scale on which it is being carried out makes it to an important industrial reaction [29],... 

The actual schemes of these reactions are very complicated the radicals involved may also react with the metal ions in the system, the hydroperoxide decomposition may also be catalysed by the metal complexes, which adds to the complexity of the autoxidation reactions. Some reactions, such as the cobalt catalysed oxidation of benzaldehyde have been found to be oscillating reactions under certain conditions [48],... 

In the following sections a few typical processes will be described. An example of a cobalt catalysed hydroformylation reaction for higher alkenes is the Kuhlmann process (now Exxon process), for which the flow-scheme -a liquid/liquid separation- is shown in Figure 7.4. In this process the hydroformylation is done in one, organic phase consisting of alkene and aldehyde. The reactor is often a loop reactor or a reactor with an external loop to facilitate heat transfer. 

Since Shell s report on the use of phosphines in the cobalt catalysed process, which included preliminary data for the use of rhodium as well [1], many industries started to apply phosphine ligands in rhodium catalysed processes [2], While alkylphosphines are the ligands of choice for cobalt, they lead to slow reactions when applied in rhodium catalysis. In the mid-sixties the work of Wilkinson showed that arylphosphines should be used for rhodium and that even at mild conditions active catalysts can be obtained [3], The publications were soon followed by those of Pruett, in which phosphites were introduced (Figure 8.1) [4],... 

Thermal cracking of wax. From thermal cracking a thermodynamic mixture might have been expected, but the wax-cracker product contains a high proportion of 1-alkenes, the kinetically controlled product. Still, the mixture contains some internal alkenes as well. For several applications this mixture is not suitable. In polymerisation reactions only the 1-alkenes react and in most cases the internal alkenes are inert and remain unreacted. For the cobalt catalysed hydroformylation the nature of the alkene mixture is not relevant, but for other derivatisations the isomer composition is pivotal to the quality of the product. 

The intramolecular 2 - - 2 - - 1-cycloadditions of allene, alkyne (106), and carbon monoxide yield a -methylene-(107) or 4-alkylidene-cyclopentenones (108) depending on the allene structure or the reaction conditions (Scheme 4i).i59.i6o The cobalt-catalysed 4 - - 2 - - 2-cycloaddition of norbornadienes (109) with buta-1,3-dienes readily produces cycloadducts (110) when a bimetal system is used (Scheme A2) ... 

HP IR measurements have recently been reported by workers at Sasol for cobalt-catalysed 1-dodecene hydroformylation reactions using bicyclic phosphines (4) derived from (R)-(+)-limonene [68]. Using Fourier deconvolution to separate absorptions due to [HCo(CO)4] and [Co2(CO)7(phosphine)], it was possible to estimate the ratio of modified [HCo(CO)3(phosphine)] to un-modified [HCo(CO)4] in the catalytic mixture, using peak areas. Values of this ratio ranged from ca. 2-20, depend-... 

One of the characteristic features of the metal-catalysed reaction of acetylene with hydrogen is that, in addition to ethylene and ethane, hydrocarbons containing more than two carbon atoms are frequently observed in appreciable yields. The hydropolymerisation of acetylene over nickel—pumice catalysts was investigated in some detail by Sheridan [169] who found that, between 200 and 250°C, extensive polymerisation to yield predominantly C4 - and C6 -polymers occurred, although small amounts of all polymers up to Cn, where n > 31, were also observed. It was also shown that the polymeric products were aliphatic hydrocarbons, although subsequent studies with nickel—alumina [176] revealed that, whilst the main products were aliphatic hydrocarbons, small amounts of cyclohexene, cyclohexane and aromatic hydrocarbons were also formed. The extent of polymerisation appears to be greater with the first row metals, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper, where up to 60% of the acetylene may polymerise, than with the second and third row noble Group VIII metals. With alumina-supported noble metals, the polymerisation prod-... 

Over all the metals studied, except cobalt, nickel and copper, the selectivity and stereoselectivity decreased slightly as the reaction proceeded. In addition to the products shown in Table 20, in the rhodium- and iridium-catalysed reactions small yields (2—3%) of buta-1 2-diene were also observed. For all the catalysts, except rhodium, iridium and platinum, which were not investigated, the initial rate kinetic orders were unity in hydrogen and zero or slightly negative (Ni) in but-2-yne. 

The triple bond of the nitrile group can be cotrimerized with two alkynes to produce pyridines. The cobalt-catalysed cocyclization of alkyne and nitrile in a ratio of 2 1 is a good synthetic route to pyridine derivatives [70], Two regioisomers, 174 and 175, are obtained by the reaction of propyne with MeCN. The reaction is carried out in a large excess of MeCN, and potentially useful for commerical production of pyridine derivatives [71]. The reaction of acetylene itself with various nitriles produces the a-substituted pyridine 176 in the presence of water under irradiation [72], HCN cannot be used for this cocyclization. The reaction has been applied to alkaloid synthesis. 

Allylic and propargylic hydrazines were obtained via the new cobalt-catalysed hydrohydrazination reaction of dienes and enynes the reaction occurs with good chemo- and regio-selectivity.116... 

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