Coal processing wastes

Wastes from petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolitic treatment of coal Wastes from inorganic chemical processes Wastes from organic chemical processes... 

Using hydrogen to produce electrical energy from fossil fuels in large centralised plants will contribute positively to achieving important reductions of C02 emissions, if this is combined with C02 capture and sequestration processes. Such plants will also help to increase the diversification of resources, since a variety of fossil feedstocks can be used, including resources such as coal and waste that otherwise cause major impacts on the environment, as well as biomass. 

The 7-7 Inc. (7-7) liquefication process is a system for liquefying coal tars from coal tar bottoms generated in the production of coke and similar coal tar wastes. The resulting liquified coal tar can then be used as a raw material by commercial coal tar processing facilities. 

According to the vendor, the HT-6 technology is not a destruction process but a separation process technology. The process cleans the soil and concentrates the organics into an organic oil phase. For refinery wastes, coal tar wastes, and creosote, this oil is directly suitable for commercial reuse as a refinery feedstock. The high-temperature thermal distillation technology is not currently commercially available. 

Chemical contaminants for which full-scale treatment data exist include primarily volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These SVOCs include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), pesticides, and herbicides. Extremely volatile metals, such as mercury and lead, can be removed by higher temperature thermal desorption systems. The technology has been applied to refinery wastes, coal tar wastes, wood-treating wastes, creosote-contaminated soils, hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, mixed (radioactive and hazardous) wastes, synthetic mbber processing wastes, and paint wastes. 

In a similar study, Grosser etal. (1991) were able to show that the reintroduction of pyrene-degrading bacterial cultures into soil contaminated with coal gasification processing wastes enhanced pyrene mineralization more than 50-fold. This enhancement also occurred in uncontaminated soils, but to a lesser extent. Interestingly, the inoculants used in this study appeared to also be a Mycobacterium species, but in contrast to the studies of Heitkamp Cerniglia (1989), it could grow on pyrene in the absence of supplemental carbon sources. 

Approximately two-thirds of atmospheric mercury comes from human activities, including coal burning, waste incineration, and Cl2 production by the chlor-alkali process (Problem 17-7). 

Coliquefaction with coal [69-71] in the process of coal and waste plastics coliquefaction, the hydrogen atoms contained in plastics transfer from plastics to coal, leading to partial or even total liquefaction of coal. On the one hand, as hydrogen donors, plastics can reduce the hydrogen consumption for coal coliquefaction dramatically. On the other... 

An alternative method of preparation of zeolite-carbon adsorbents is the treatment of mixtures clay mineral with hard coal and waste carbon deposits. The treatment consists of several physicochemical processes i.e. formation, carbonization, activation and crystallization, presented in this paper. The adsorbents prepared with this procedure are not a simple mixture of two components but strongly dispersed material resulting fi om thermochemical transformation, thus fecilitating the surface structure. 

Ultimately, human being may shift to non-fossil-fuel-based energy sources such as nuclear, solar, wind, and others in the near term, however, our reliance on oil imports can be alleviated by modifying the refining process with cheap H2 produced from coal, biomass, waste, or petroleum coke via the well-known gasification and shift processes. These provide a cheaper near-term solution to cut U.S. oil imports while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions.41... 

By-product Plants.—In ordinary producer operation, ammonia formed from the nitrogen in the coal is wasted at the scrubber outlet. In the Mond process, it is recovered as ammonium sulphate. Tar is also reclaimed and the gas goes to the engine very clean and of uniform quality. A deep, low-temperature fuel bed is used. 

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