Clostridium perfringens infection

G12. Glover, J. L., and Mendelson, J., Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on rabbits with Clostridium perfringens infections. J. Trauma 4, 624-651 (1964). 

Nillo, L., 1975, Measurement of biological activities of purified and crude enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens. Infect. Immun. 12 440-442. 

Another important necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection is clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene). Clostridial myonecrosis can develop spontaneously but most often occurs after trauma. Clostridium perfringens is the most common causative pathogen. 

Sisson, P. R. Kramer, J. M. Brett, M. M. Freeman, R. Gilbert, R. J. Lightfoot, N. F. Application of pyrolysis mass spectrometry to the investigation of outbreaks of food poisoning and non-gastrointestinal infection associated with Bacillus species and Clostridium perfringens. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1992,17, 57-66. 

Gas gangrene. The skin between the waist and the knees is normally contaminated with anaerobic faecal organisms. However assiduous the skin preparation for orthopaedic operations or thigh amputations, this will not kill or remove all the spores. Surgery done for vascular insufficiency where tissue oxygenation may be poor is likely to be followed by infection. Gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens) may occur it may be prevented by benzylpenicillin or metronidazole prophylaxis. 

Perelle S, Gibert M, Boquet P etal. (1993) Characterization of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin genes and expression in Escherichia coli. In Infect. Immun. 61 5147-56... 

Simpson LL, Stiles BG, Zapeda HH et al. (1987) Molecular basis for the pathological actions of Clostridium perfringens lota toxin. In Infect. Immun. 55 118-22 Simpson LL (1989) The binary toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis to exert its pharmacologic effects. In J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251 1223-8... 

Simpson LL, Stiles BG, Zepeda H etal. (1989) Production by Clostridium spiroforme of an iotalike toxin that possesses mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase activity Identification of a novel class of ADP- ribosyltransferases. In Infect. Immun. 57 255-61 Stiles BG, Wilkens TD (1986) Purification and characterization of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin dependence on two nonlinked proteins for biological activity. In Infect. Immun. 54 683-8... 

Brynestad S and Granum PE (2002) Clostridium perfringens and foodborne infections. International Journal of Food Microbiology 74(3) 195-202. 

Clostridial myonecrosis is a necrotizing infection that involves the skeletal muscle. Gas production and muscle necrosis are prominent features of this infection, which readily explains why this infection is commonly referred to as gas gangrene. ° The infection advances rapidly, often over a matter of a few hours." Most infections occur after surgery or trauma, with Clostridium perfringens identified as the most common etiologic agent. 

It is the smeU you perceive in rancid butter. Butyric acid is also a product of fermentation reactions carried out by Clostridium perfringens. This organism is the most common cause of gas gangrene. Butyric add contributes to the notable foul smell accompanying this infection. 

Caserta JA, Hale ML, Popoff MR et al. (2008) Evidence that membrane rafts are not required for the action of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Infect Immun 76 5677-5685... 

Labbe RG, Nollan LL. Stimulation of clostridium-perfringens entero-toxin formation by caffeine and theobromine. Infect Immun 1981 34(l) 50-4. 

Jolivet-Reynaud C, Cavaillon JM, AloufJE. Selective cytotoxicity of clostridium perfringens delta toxin on rabbit leukocytes. Infect Immun 1982 38(3) 860-864. 

Sirard, J.C., Weber, M., DufloL E., et al., 1997b. A recombinant Bacillus anthracis strain producing the Clostridium perfringens Ib component induces protection against iota toxins. Infect Immun. 65,2029-2033. 

McDonel J. L., 1974, In vivo effects of Clostridium perfringens enteropathogenic factors on the rat ileum. Infect. Immun. 10 1156-1162. 

McDonel, J. L., and Asano, T., 1975, Analysis of unidirectional fluxes of sodium during diarrhea induced by Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in the rat terminal ileum. Infect. Immun. 11 526-529. 

McDonel, J. L., and Duncan, C. L., 1975a, Effects of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin on metabolic indexes of everted rat ileal sacs. Infect. Immun. 12 274-280. 

McDonel, J. L., and Duncan C. L., 1977, Regional localization of activity of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin in the rabbit ileum, jejunum and duodenum, J. Infect. Dis. 136 661-666. 

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