Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxins

Sarker MR, Singh U, and McClane BA (2000) An update on Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Journal of Natural Toxins 9(3) 251-266. 

Caserta JA, Hale ML, Popoff MR et al. (2008) Evidence that membrane rafts are not required for the action of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Infect Immun 76 5677-5685... 

Theobromine is an alkaloid used in medicine much like caffeine, due to the similar properties of these two alkaloids. Theobromine stimulates the CNS and increases blood flow. Older studies mention that the theobromine in cocoa powder stimulated growth in rats and no evidence of carcinogenicity was found. Moreover, it was also stated that theobromine stimulates clostridium-perfringens enterotoxin formation. Rasouli and Zahraie observe that theobromine is also well known as an adenosine 3, 5 -cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) inhibitor and participates in the regulation of intra-hepatic metabolism of very low density lipoproteins. 

Enders, Jr. G. L., and Duncan, C. L., 1976, Anomalous aggregation of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin under dissociating conditions. Can. J. Microbiol. 22 1410-1414. 

Giugliano, L. G., Stringer, M. R, and Drasar, B. S., 1983, Detection of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin by tissue culture and double-gel diffusion methods, J. Med. Microbiol. 16 233-237. 

Granum, P. E., 1985, The effect of Ca++ and Mg++ on the action of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin on Vero cells, Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B. 93 41-48. 

Granum, P. E., and Whitaker, J. R., 1980b, Perturbation of the structure of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin by sodium dodecyl sulfate, guanidine hydrochloride, pH and temperature, J. Food Biochem. 4 219-234. 

Hanna, P. C., Mietzner, T. A., Schoolnik, G. K., and McClane, B. A., 1991, Localization of the receptor-binding region of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin utilizing cloned toxin fragments and synthetic peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 266 11037-11043. 

Hanna, P. C., Wnek, A. R, and McClane, B. A., 1989, Molecular cloning of the 3 half of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene and demonstration that this region encodes receptor-binding activity, J. Bacteriol. 171 6815-6820. 

Horiguchi, Y., Akai, T., Sakaguchi, G., 1987, Isolation and function of a Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragment,/ /ecf. Immun. 55 2912-2915. 

Horiguchi, Y., Uemura, T., Kozaki, S., and Sakaguchi, G., 1985, The relationship between cytotoxic effect and binding to mammalian cultured cells of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 28 131-135. 

Jongsten, M. D., Werners, K., andNotermans, D., 1989, Cloning and sequencing of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene, Antonie Leeuwenhoek. 56 181-190. 

McClane, B. A., 1984, Osmotic stabilizers differentially inhibit permeability alterations induced in Vero cells by Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 777 99-106. 

McClane, B. A., and McDonel, J. L., 1979, The effects of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin on morphology, viability and macromolecular synthesis in Vero cells, J. Cell Physiol. 99 191-200. 

McDonel, J. L., and Asano, T., 1975, Analysis of unidirectional fluxes of sodium during diarrhea induced by Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in the rat terminal ileum. Infect. Immun. 11 526-529. 

Skjelkv le, R., and Uemura, T, 1977, Experimental diarrhea in human volunteers following oral administration of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 43 281-286. 

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