Climate overview

The atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen is quite complex and involves literally hundreds or thousands of chemical reactions. Although the fluxes are much smaller than the biological fluxes, these processes are important for a variety of reasons, including impacts on climate, stratospheric ozone, and photochemical smog. In this section we present an overview of the most important processes. 

The area of California influenced by a Mediterranean climate is home to over 30 million people. Climate variability and human water demand make freshwater a very precious resource. Allocations of water to cities, agriculture, and the environment create continual tension as demands for this vital and over-allocated resource grow. This paper presents a brief overview of water resource science and policy in a Mediterranean climate with substantial challenges from climate variability, climate change, and increasing human need. 

Bolle H-J (2003) Climate, climate variability, and impacts in the Mediterranean area an overview. In Bolle H-J (ed) Mediterranean climate. Springer, Berlin, p 372... 

In order to obtain for all receptors within all receptor areas (grids), a first good approach is to interpret and extrapolate data by deriving relationships (transfer functions) between the data mentioned before and basic land and climate characteristics, such as land use, soil type, elevation, precipitation, temperature, etc. A summarizing overview of the data acquisition approach is given in Table 7. 

I have presented a general socio-political overview of China. The in-depth analysis of China s political environment is both necessary and relevant. The prevailing political climate in China determines not only China s economic development path, but also its scientific and technological development path. Politics is China s "Great Helmsman". In the process, I hope I have provided sufficient background information on the Chinese psyche and society to aid in interpreting nuances when interacting with the Chinese. 

Schwartz, S. E., The Whitehouse Effect—Shortwave Radiative Forcing of Climate by Anthropogenic Aerosols An Overview, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 359-382 (1996). 

The submicron particle number size distribution controls many of the main climate effects of submicron aerosol populations. The data from harmonized particle number size distribution measurements from European field monitoring stations are presented and discussed. The results give a comprehensive overview of the European near surface aerosol particle number concentrations and number size distributions between 30 and 500 nm of dry particle diameter. Spatial and temporal distributions of aerosols in the particle sizes most important for climate applications are presented. Annual, weekly, and diurnal cycles of the aerosol number concentrations are shown and discussed. Emphasis is placed on the usability of results within the aerosol modeling community and several key points of model-measurement comparison of submicron aerosol particles are discussed along with typical concentration levels around European background. 

The problem of anthropogenic climate warming is now the center of attention of not only specialists—but also of the general public. As we better understand this problem, so the sensation of inconsistency in the results obtained in this field increases, especially for the last decade. In this connection, Mahlman (1998) carried out an overview of such results to analyze the fundamental scientific aspects of the problem... 

Constructive prospects to solution of this problem are connected with the development and application of complex models to evaluate possible changes in climate and socio-economic development. Parson and Fisher-Vanden (1997,1999) and Dess-ler and Parson (2005) prepared a detailed overview of the methods and results of numerical modeling of global climate changes with the dynamics of socio-economic processes taken into account, in which basic aspects of so-called integrated assessments (IAs) were discussed. The main goal of such developments is substantiation of recommendations for decision-makers in the sphere of ecological policy. 

Hurrell J.W. Kushnir Y. Yisbeck M. and Ottersen G. (2003). The North Atlantic Oscillation Climate significance and environmental impacts. In J.W. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, and M. Yisbeck (eds.), An Overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation, Geophysical Monograph Series. American Geophysical Union, Washington, 134, 1-35. 

The European emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) has an efficient and effective market design that risks being undermined by three interrelated problems the approach to allocation the absence of a credible commitment to post-2012 continuation and concerns about its impact on the international competitiveness of key sectors. This special issue of Climate Policy explores these three factors in depth. This policy overview summarizes key insights from the individual studies in this issue, and draws overall policy conclusions about the next round of allocations and the design of the system for the longer term. 

Grubb, M., Neuhoff, K., 2006. Allocation and competitiveness in the EU emissions trading scheme policy overview. Climate Pohcy 6(1), 7-30. 

Gash, J., C. Nobre. J. Roberts, and R. Victoria. 1996. "An overview of ABRACOS." In Amazonian Deforestation and Climate, eds. J. Gash, C. Nobre, J. Roberts, and R. Victoria 0ohn Wrley Sons, New York), pp. 1-14. 

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