Climate hydrological response

The complexities of land surface response and runoff generation have also presented a major obstacle to global climate modelers. Hydrologic response is linked to several important climate feedbacks (see Section 6.4.2), so imtil the hydro-logic cycle, and in particular its land surface component, can be accurately represented, there is little hope for accurate assessments of global change. 

Hydrological responses of the upper reaches of Yangtze River to climate change... 

Five components of the hydrosphere play major roles in climate feedbacks - atmospheric moisture, clouds, snow and ice, land surface, and oceans. Changes to the hydrologic cycle, among other things, as a result of altered climate conditions are then referred to as responses. Interactions with climate can best be explored by examirung potential response to a climate perturbation, in this case, predicted global warming. 

The ET cover cannot be tested at every landfill site so it is necessary to extrapolate the results from sites of known performance to specific landfill sites. The factors that affect the hydrologic design of ET covers encompass several scientific disciplines and there are numerous interactions between factors. As a consequence, a comprehensive computer model is needed to evaluate the ET cover for a site.48 The model should effectively incorporate soil, plant, and climate variables, and include their interactions and the resultant effect on hydrology and water balance. An important function of the model is to simulate the variability of performance in response to climate variability and to evaluate cover response to extreme events. Because the expected life of the cover is decades, possibly centuries, the model should be capable of estimating long-term performance. In addition to a complete water balance, the model should be capable of estimating long-term plant biomass production, need for fertilizer, wind and water erosion, and possible loss of primary plant nutrients from the ecosystem. 

EPIC is designed to simulate relevant biophysical processes simultaneously and realistically, using readily available input data and accepted methods. It is capable of simulating plant and soil response for hundreds of years, and it is applicable to a wide range of soils, climates, and plants. EPIC also simulates soil erosion and soil chemical and physical property changes over centuries. The time limit for simulation of hydrologic parameters is restricted only by the availability of high-quality climate input data. 

Medina, E., and E, Cuevas. 1996. Biomass production and accumulation in nutrient-limited rain forests implications for responses to global change. Pages 221-239. in J. H. C. Gash, C. A. Nobre, J. M. Roberts, and R. L. Victoria, editors. Amazonian deforestation and climate. Institute of Hydrology, London. 

There is considerable interest in volcanic emissions of sulfur compounds because of the role of atmospheric sulfur chemistry in atmospheric radiation and climate, the hydrological cycle, acid precipitation, and air quality (see Chapter 8.14). Early theories on the climatic effects of eruptions considered that ash particles were responsible for raising the planetary albedo, but it is now clear that even fine tephra sediment rapidly from the atmosphere, and that the main protagonist in volcanic forcing of climate is the... 

Kjellstrom, E., Ddscher, R., Meier, H. E. M., 2005. Atmospheric response to different sea surface temperatures in the Baltic Sea coupled versus uncoupled regional climate model experiments. Nordic Hydrology, 36, 397 09. 

Thomas MF and Thorp MB (1995) Geomorphic response to rapid climatic and hydrologic change during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene in the humid and sub-humid tropics. Quarterly Science Review 14 193-207. 

The process of evaporation, vertical and horizontal transport of vapor, condensation, precipitation, and the flow of water from continents to oceans. It is a major factor in determining climate through its influence on surface vegetation, the clouds, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The hydrologic cycle is responsible for 25 to 30 percent of the mid-latitudes heat transport from the equatorial to polar regions, hydrology... 

The main purpose of this chapter is to provide a guide for the isotopic analysis of lacustrine carbonates, pointing out potential pitfalls and how to avoid them. A full discussion of the complex relationships among lake morphometry, hydrologic budget, and the hydrochemical response to climatic change is outside the scope of this chapter (simple treatments can be found in Siegenthaler Eicher, 1986 Hosteller Benson, 1994 Gat, 1995 Winter, 1995). However, a brief discussion of the relationship between carbonate iS O and lake-water 5 0 and between lake-water 5 0 and climate is included. 

Hostetler, S. W., 1995. Hydrological and thermal response of lakes to climate description and modeling. In Lerman, A., D. M. Imboden J. R. Gat (eds.) Physics and Chemistry of Lakes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 63-82. 

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