Cleaning protocols

Surface defects (Section VII-4C) are also influenced by the history of the sample. Such imperfections may to some extent be reversibly affected by processes such as adsorption so that it is not safe to regard even a refractory solid as having fixed surface actions. Finally, solid surfaces are very easily contaminated detection of contamination is aided by ultra-high-vacuum techniques and associated cleaning protocols [24]. 

Bourbon Distillation. The basic distiUation system for the production of bourbon and other straight whiskeys consists of a beer stiU and a beer heater, thumper, or doubler (Fig. 4). The whiskey stiU consists of between 14 and 21 stripping trays. The upper portion of the stiU is fitted with either a bubble cap section or a section packed with copper rings to enhance the removal of unwanted flavors and ethyl carbamate precursors. The reduction of carbamate precursors requites strict adherence to a cleaning protocol with a 5% caustic solution as often as twice a week. 

Perhaps the most important waterside problems relate to the likelihood of boiler surface deposits and their control. High concentrations of caustic or salines only occur if porous deposits are present. It is much better to remove the cause of deposition problems than to try to manage their effects, and modem iron and silica transport polymers, together with improved cleaning protocols, have done much to limit deposition in large boilers. 

In theory, the interruption of NoV transmission after fomite contamination is straightforward the affected objects must be disinfected. In practice, disinfection can become a complex problem. The school described above had implemented a rigorous cleaning protocol with an appropriate bleach solution but failed to consider the computer mice and keyboards for disinfection (CDC, 2008). Vomiting events are particularly difficult to clean, as the contaminated area can be large, and infectious aerosols are postulated to persist in the environment (Evans et ah, 2002 Marks et ah, 2003). 

Carefully follow the manufacturer s pipet cleaning protocols and... 

Cleaning protocols for the removal of calcium carbonate often use acids, and techniques are similar to those employed for the removal of iron deposits. Similar precautions are also required to avoid acid corrosion problems. 

Chelant-based cleaners are also used, however, for many situations, and it is now becoming more common to use a slow and steady on-line cleaning protocol by the use of polymer/phosphonate-based, multiblend formulations. These programs employ relatively high doses of active product and can be expensive to use in large volume systems, but are unlikely to cause blockages, corrosion, or other damage to the system itself or any sensitive components. 

Cleaning protocols may often simply reduce the recirculating water to pH 6 to 7 and use a high dose of chlorine to achieve, say, 2 to 3 ppm free CI2 for 3 to 4 hours. For this process to work successfully, it needs to be undertaken in association with 100 to 200 ppm of biodispersant, plus 1 to 2 ppm of antifoam. Or for specific identified problems, chlorine may be used in conjunction with nonoxidizer, plus biodispersant and antifoam, of course. Where it is not possible to reduce the pH, bromine may replace chlorine. 

Alternative cleaning protocols may use polyamine-based cationic coagulants to collect all the oil in the system. Typically, this will require 200 to 400 ppm of polyamine product. Polyamines often need to be diluted first and then added to an area of high agitation to ensure rapid dispersion of the polymer throughout the system. 

Selective Hydrogen Transfer Reactions over Supported Copper Catalysts Leading to Simple, Safe, and Clean Protocols for Organic Synthesis... 

Heterogeneous copper catalysts prepared with the chemisorption-hydrolysis technique are effective systems for hydrogen transfer reactions, namely carbonyl reduction, alcohol dehydrogenation and racemization, and allylic alcohol isomerization. Practical concerns argue for the use of these catalysts for synthetic purposes because of their remarkable performance in terms of selectivity and productivity, which are basic features for the application of heterogeneous catalysts to fine chemicals synthesis. Moreover, in all these reactions the use of these materials allows a simple, safe, and clean protocol. 

Studies in the catalytic-organic chemistry area are enriched here by an elegant contribution on selective hydrogen transfer reactions over supported copper catalysts leading to simple, safe, and clean protocols for organic synthesis. 

As described by Sedwick et al. (this issue), a semicontinuous culture of the Ross Sea P. antarctica strain was successively diluted with low-iron (<0.2 nM dissolved Fe) filtered Ross Sea seawater, over a period of several weeks, using a rigorous trace-metal-clean protocol. Using this process, we obtained an inoculum culture of colonial P. antarctica in LI medium diluted 9,140-fold with filtered, low-iron (0.17 nM dissolved Fe) Ross Sea seawater, for which we calculate dissolved Fe and EDTA concentrations of 1.42 nM and 1.25 nM, respectively. Prior to commencing... 

Eleven days before commencing the experiment, 50 ml of this culture was diluted to 1 1 with 0.2 pm-filtered station B seawater in an acid-cleaned polycarbonate bottle, using a stringent trace-metal clean protocol. A peristaltic pump was used to transfer the Station B seawater from the 125-1 polyethylene barrel (in which it had been stored since collection) through acid-cleaned silicone tubing and an acid-rinsed... 

The requirement for building clean has arisen in recent years as more stringent clean rooms have become more popular. Imposing a clean construction protocol on contractors can lengthen the schedule and increase cost. The protocol should be developed during the construction document phase and be an integral part of the bid documents. Once the decision is made to work clean, protocols developed should be followed by everyone on the jobsite associated with the clean areas. A poorly conceived and enforced protocol will be a costly and futile exercise. The tendency to build clean on every new or retrofit project should be carefully evaluated and a practical protocol should be developed consistent with the needs of the project. 

The levels of clean construction described herein can provide a practical means of meeting operational cleanliness goals in a cost-effective fashion. Each project, whether new construction or retrofit of an existing process, should have as part of it an evaluation of the required elements of the build clean protocol to be employed. The information provided below is broad and can act as a template for the protocol put in place for a specific project. 

Lot data control, including the identification and maintenance (corrections, deletions, restrictions) of the lot data and content/ingredients calculations Further testing, including areas such as material storage, MRP n, cleaning protocols, product content, and archiving... 

Possibly, the high value added to the processed food will facilitate the implementation of non-invasive ultrasonic apparatus for the removal of fouling in food processing equipments. With this aim, an ultrasonic apparatus operating at a frequency of 40 kHz was developed for dislodging biofilms from food processing equipments in order to assess the effectiveness of cleaning protocols. The optimum sonication conditions for the removal... 

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