Air Act, Clean

The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 have made significant changes in the basic Clean Air Act enacted in 1970. The Clean Air Act allowed the establishment of air qnality standards and provisions for their implementation and enforcement. This law was strengthened in 1977, and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 imposed many new standards that included controls for indnstrial pollutants. 

The Clean Air Act of 1970 and the 1977 amendments that followed consist of three titles. Title I deals with stationary air emission sonrces. Title 11 deals with mobile air emission sonrces, and Title III inclndes definitions of appropriate terms, provisions for citizen snits, and applicable standards for judicial review. 

The Pure Food and Drug Act established the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which now oversees the manufacture and use of all foods, food additives, and drugs amendments (1938, 1958, and 1962) strengthened the law considerably. 

The Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA), a private group of people working in the chemical industry and involved especially in the manufacture and selling of chemicals, established a Water Resources Committee to study the effects of their products on water quality. 

The Chemical Manufacturers Association established an Air Quality Committee to study methods of improving the air that could be implemented by chemical manufacturers. 

The US EPA implemented four laws that are used to set regulatory limits for metals, including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. These laws and the metals for which they set regulatory limits are briefly discussed below. 

Encourage the use of market-based principles and other innovative approaches, such as performance-based standards and emissions banking and trading. 

Promote the use of clean, low-sulfur coal and natural gas, as well as the use of iimovative technologies to clean high-sulfur coal through the acid rain program. 

Reduce enough energy waste and create enough of a market for clean fuels derived from grain and natural gas to cut dependency on oil imports by 1 million bbl/day. 

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Clays, activated Clay treatment C1CH2CHC1CH20H C1CH2CHOHCH3 C1CH2CHOHCH2C1 1990 Clean Air Act Clean Air Act... 

Although the majority of molecules in cmde oils and refined products are hydrocarbons, the U.S. Clean Air Act amendment of 1990 mandated the addition of oxygenated compounds to gasoline in many parts of the United States. The requirement is usually that 2% (w/w) of the fuel be oxygen, which... 

The 1990 Clean Air Act regulates the production and use of CFCs, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) substitutes. CFC and halon (Class I substances) usage is to be phased out in steps until total phaseout occurs on January 1,... 

Large sources of SO2 and NO may also require additional emission reductions because of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. To reduce acid... 

Since SO2 and NO2 are criteria pollutants, their emissions are regulated. In addition, for the purposes of abating acid deposition in the United States, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require that nationwide SO2 and NO emissions be reduced by approximately 10 million and 2 million t/yr, respectively, by the year 2000. Reasons for these reductions are based on concerns which include acidification of lakes and streams, acidification of poorly buffered soils, and acid damage to materials. An additional major concern is that acid deposition is contributing to the die-back of forests at high elevations in the eastern United States and in Europe. 

In 1976 the United States banned the use of CFCs as aerosol propellants. No further steps were taken until 1987 when the United States and some 50 other countries adopted the Montreal Protocol, specifing a 50% reduction of fully halogenated CFCs by 1999. In 1990, an agreement was reached among 93 nations to accelerate the discontinuation of CFCs and completely eliminate production by the year 2000. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments contain a phaseout schedule for CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methylchloroform. Such steps should stop the iacrease of CFCs ia the atmosphere but, because of the long lifetimes, CFCs will remain ia the atmosphere for centuries. 

There has been considerable improvement, especially in industrial areas, in U.S. air quaUty since the adoption of the Clean Air Act of 1972. Appreciable reductions in particulate emissions and in SO2 levels ate especially evident. In 1990, however, almost every metropoUtan area was in nonattainment status on o2one air quaUty standards 50 metropoUtan areas exceeded the CO standard and between 50 and 100 exceeded the PM q standard for particulate level (29). 

The benefits of alcohol fuels include increased energy diversification in the transportation sector, accompanied by some energy security and balance of payments benefits, and potential air quaUty improvements as a result of the reduced emissions of photochemically reactive products (see Air POLLUTION). The Clean Air Act of 1990 and emission standards set out by the State of California may serve to encourage the substantial use of alcohol fuels, unless gasoline and diesel technologies can be developed that offer comparable advantages. 

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 limit the amount of benzene in gasoline in the United States to 1% (7). Initially there was some concern that this would dismpt the benzene supply and demand balance in the chemical industry because at that time gasoline contained benzene above 1%. If refiners had to extract all of the benzene above 1%, substantial additional benzene would be produced. However, only modest increases in the quantity of benzene produced from reformer sources is expected as most refiners can adjust the composition of reformer feed and reformer severity to produce less benzene. 

In the United States, the Clean Air Act of 1970 imposed limitations on composition of new fuels, and as such methanol-containing fuels were required to obtain Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) waivers. Upon enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, EPA set for waiver unleaded fuels containing 2 wt % maximum oxygenates excluding methanol (0.3 vol % maximum). Questions regarding methanol s influence on emissions, water separation, and fuel system components were raised (80). 

In the winter, the Clean Air Act mandates that gasoline in all areas which exceed the NAAQS for CO must contain at least 2.7% oxygen. This is based on the assumption that adding oxygen to the fuel reduces CO emissions. 

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments Hst 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) that the EPA must regulate to enforce maximum achievable control technology (MACT) to standards which are to be set by the year 2000. The 33/50 project calls for reduction of emissions of 17 specified solvents to predetermined levels by 1995. The SARA statute provides a mechanism by which the community can be informed of the existence, quantities, and releases of toxic chemicals, and requires that anyone releasing specific toxic chemicals above a threshold level to annually submit a toxic chemical release form to the EPA. The status of various ketones under these regulations is shown in Table 4. 

Because of its low sulfur content, lignite is becoming mote important. The U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 have resulted in economic premiums fotlow sulfur coal corresponding to 10/t for emission allowances at 500/t of SO2 (32). 

Restriction on the use of certain types of solvents, Hsted as HAPs under the Clean Air Act, are forcing paint manufacturers not only to lower the limits on the amount of organic solvents in a paint, but also to eliminate certain types of solvents. Thus paint manufacturers are challenged to comply simultaneously with both VOC and HAP regulations. These Clean Air Act mandates are expected to affect most types of paints and paint manufacturers beginning in 1996. 

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