Clay roofing tiles

Many of these wild places and conditions are quite unintended outcomes of our own actions. Urban people are constantly making incidental natures, interacting with nonhuman species to create environmental outcomes of startling complexity. The lesser kestrel, a bird of prey currently on the brink of extinction, thrives in some cities of the Middle East, where it nests in clay roof tiles in areas of urban growth, just as the recovery of the peregrine falcon, a threatened species in the United states, is partly predicated on its New York City... 

ASTM C1167, Clay Roof Tile, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Brookite. The orthorhombic form of titania, Ti02 sp. gr. 4.17. The other forms are anatase (q.v.) and rutile (q.v.). It is comparatively rare and is rapidly transformed into rutile at temperatures above about 800°C. Broseley Tile. An old name for a plain clay roofing tile such tiles were made in Broseley, Shropshire, England. Brownies. Term sometimes applied to brown spots in white vitreous-enamel ground-coats more commonly known as... 

Mangalore Tile. A clay roofing tile of the interlocking type as made in the... 

Marseilles Tile. A clay roofing tile of the interlocking type, particularly of the pattern made in the Marseilles district of France. These tiles are made in a... 

Pitch. The slope of a tiled roof. For clay roofing tiles the common pitch, measured internally at the ridge between the two sides of the roof, is 105°. Less common are the square pitch (90°), gothic pitch (75°) and sharp pitch (60°). 

Pooles Tile. An interlocking clay roofing tile of a design specified in B.S. 1424. 

Spanish Tile. A hred clay roofing tile that, in section, is a segment of a circle the tile tapers along its length so that the lower end of one tile will fit over the upper end of the tile below (cf. Italian tiles). 

BC Etruria Roof tiles made of fired clay... 

In The Netherlands locally found clay is almost exclusively used as main raw material. The most important clay deposits for (paving) bricks are found along the river banks of Holland s main rivers. River clay from the polders is mostly fat to very fat and deficient in lime consequently it is used in the production of e g. roof tiles. We call a clay type fat when it contains a high percentage of minute particles. The Dutch coarse-ceramic clay is a sediment, appr. 45 % of whose particles have a diameter of < 10 pm. The coarser sand and silt fractions... 

The die produces a column of clay with the desired form and a steel wire cuts it in individual parts. Products made by an extruder bricks (both perforated and not), hollow bricks, large building blocks, drainage pipes, sewer pipes, riven slabs, tiles and roof tiles. The extruder requires the use of a plastic clay. The baked product is characterized by its square shape and smooth surface. 

Ceramic roof tiles are thousands of years old. It is assumed that the first roof tiles were baked of clay in China. The ancient Romans and Greeks first applied roof tiles on a large scale in Europe. 

A stamping press is used in the manufacture of roof tiles. This is a machine which compresses a plastic clay mass between two moulds to obtain the desired shape. This compression technique is only rarely applied in coarse ceramics. 

Plastic clay is used in, for example, the manufacture of bricks and roof tiles. Each product requires a specific clay with a specific plasticity. In the chapter on clay and in the section on moulding (chapter 9, Ceramic in General) the subject was already discussed. 

The clay products used in the construction industry are so-called coarse ceramic products. They include bricks, roofing tiles, clinkers (hard bricks), drainpipes and protection covers for cables. The manufacture of such products hardly differs from that described in Section 5.5.3 for the general manufacture of ceramic products. 

Brick clays tend to be high in alkalis and iron, but low in alumina [14], The clays usually have moderate to high plasticity, which facilitates forming [25], Often, brick clays are actually shales [14], These clays fire at moderate temperatures (cone 1-5) and the resulting fired bodies are dark red. Clays with similar properties but different colors upon firing can be used to produce other products such as sewer tile and roofing tile [6], Nearly any red burning clay can be classified as brick clay. 

Heavy clay industry silicate ceramic (clay ceramic) coarse ceramic bodies 1000 80 5-150 bricks, roofing tiles, ceiling bricks, wall and floor tiles... 

In household ceramics for the production of pugs, e.g. roller machines, in structural ceramics for the production of bricks of all types, for the production of lumps for pressing roofing tiles, for the extrusion of tiles and split tiles, for the production of stone-ware pipes with horizontal but usually vertical extruders (Fig. 48) for pelletising expanded clay, in refractory ceramics and in the further field of technical ceramics, for the production of pugs in the manufacture of isolators (Fig. 49) just as for the extrusion of filigree honeycombs for various applications. 

More than 50% of refractories are consumed by the steel industry. The major steelmaking countries are China, Japan, and the United States. Structural clay products include bricks, sewer pipes, and roofing tiles. These are high-volume low-unit-cost items. Each year about 8 billion bricks are produced in the United States with a market value of over 1.5 billion. 

Chem. Descrip. Methyl slllconate In water Uses Water repellent, hydrophobic sealer for low-fired clay prods, (roof tiles, facing bricks, flower pots), aerated concrete, post-treatment of gypsum boards, light fillers such as perlite, vermicullte, and aerated concrete granules additive to whitewash and water-based paints, primer for emulsion paints and plasters Features Water-based VOC compliant Properties Colorless to yel. sp.gr. 1.29 pH = 13 42% solids Environmental Environmentally friendly... 

A similar concept to glulam and concrete segmental construction can involve the fabrication by bonding, usually with epoxides, of awkward or special shapes and units made of concrete or clay brick. Examples include special roof tiles and building blocks formed by cutting and bonding standard production shapes to provide new forms. 

Ethyl Silicate. See silicon ester. Etruria Marl. A brick-clay occurring in the Carboniferous System and used for the manufacture of bricks and roofing tiles, particularly in the English Midlands and North Wales. These clays have a high iron content they fire to a red colour under oxidizing conditions but under reducing conditions they fire to the blue colour of the well-known Staffordshire engineering brick. 

Laced Valley. A form of roof tiling designed to cover a re-entrant corner of a roof. The courses of tiling meet and interlace to provide efficient drainage. Lacustrine Clay. A clay that was formed by deposition on the bed of a lake the lacustrine clays of the Vale of York, England for example, are used in brickmaking... 

Pantile. A single-lap roofing tile having a flat S-shape in horizontal section. Details of clay pantiles are specified in B.S.1424 the minimum pitch recommended is 35°. Parallel-plate Plastometer. See williams plastometer. 

Roller-bat Machine. A machine for making, from stifr-plastic clay, bats for a final pressing process in one method of roofing-tile manufacture. 

Single-lap Roofing Tile. This term, as defined in B.S. 1424 Clay Single-lap Roofing Tiles and Fittings includes pantiles, double Roman tiles, flat interlocking tiles and Pooles tiles. 

Underclay. See seat earth. Undercloak. A layer, of plain clay tiles for example, between the laths and the roof tiling proper at the verge (q.v.) of a tiled roof. 

The performance of clay-based construction products, e.g., bricks and roofing tiles, can be monitored using thermal methods. The types of raw materials, viz., clay and accessory minerals, and their reactions that occur during the firing process and the durability of clay products can be examined through the application of DTA, TG, TMA, and dilatometric methods. This is particularly important for quality control as physical and chemical behaviors are dependent on the raw material characteristics, e.g., composition, particle size, and morphology. 

The traditional heavy clay industry encompasses a wide range of products from drainpipes, roofing tiles, road pavers and their like, to the cement industry, which is also a basic ceramic process of beneficiation through the use of high temperatures. 

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