Structural clay products

Structural clay products include materials such as building bricks, sewer pipes, drainpipes, and various kinds of tiles. The manufacture of these is characterized by inexpensive raw materials, efficient material handling methods, and a low cost for the resultant product. The main raw materials are the locally available clays having a variety of compositions and structures. 

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Brownell W E 1976 Structural Clay Products, Applied Mineralogy vol 9 (New York Springer) pp 43-60... 

With the aid of color illustrations Harrell and Russell (I) have shown some of the color changes that can occur in several clay bodies when the furnace atmosphere is varied from oxidizing to reducing and when its moisture content is controlled. Brownell (2) has summarized the roles of several factors influencing the development of scummed surfaces on brick and other structural clay products. Matson (3) has discussed the relationship of the firing temperatures of ancient Near Eastern pottery and the colors developed together with other physical properties of the wares. 

Brownell, W. E., Scum and Its Development on Structural Clay Products, ... 

Structural Clay Products Institute, Chicago, 111., Research Report No. 4 (1955). 

AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY (ACerS). Founded 1899. It has 12,000 members. A professional society of scientists, engineers, and plant operators interested in glass, ceramics-iiielal systems, cements, refractories, nuclear ceramics, white wares, electronics, and structural clay products. It is located at 65 Ceramic Dr., Columbus, OH 43214. http //www.acers.org/... 

CERAMICS. Derived from the Creek word ketamos ("burnt stuff t, ceramics comprise a wide variety of materials that constitute a major industry. The principal facets of the ceramic industry, in order of increasing value of annual production, are (I) abrasives (2i porcelain enamel coalings (3) refractories (4) whilewares l5) structural clay products (6) electronic and technical ceramic products and (7) glass. Class accuunls for about 43 1 of all ceramics produced. Sec also Glass... 

Pelleting clays, forming structural clay products (e.g. tile, bricks)... 

W.E. Brownell, Structural Clay Products, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1976. 

In this type of equipment, an Archimedean screw is used to pressurize material in a plastic state and force it through a suitable die. This principle is most widely used in molding and forming operations, such as with plastics [22] and structural clay products [9]. These applications are highly specialized and will not be discussed here since they are usually considered to be outside normal size enlargement techniques. 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Brick and Structural Clay Products Manufacturing... 

Shrinkage of Structural Clay Products, Trans. British Ceram. Soc., (1960). 

The Structural Clay Products, Inc., of Washington, D. C., collects data semiannually on brick and tile production for its membership. 

With the advent of the industrial revolution, structural clay products, such as bricks and heat-resistant refractory materials for the large-scale smelting of metals were developed. And with the discovery of electricity and the need to distribute it, a market was developed for electrically insulating silicate-based ceramics. 

In the 1960s Messrs. Uniceram SA of Marseille, France, built a hydraulically-driven piston extruder for the stiff extrusion of structural clay products, combined with a de-airing double-shaft mixer, was operated as a combined de-airing extrusion unit (Fig. 5). On the whole however the piston extruder has been of relatively little importance in comparison to the auger extruder within the field of structural ceramics. 

For extrusion of very wide, flat clay ribbons the twin-shaft auger extruder was reintroduced in 1994 in the field of structural clay products, whereas co-rotating screw-extruders are used since the late 1970s in advanced ceramic for the production of honeycombs. 

This method was primarily developed for extruded structural clay products (9). Small dumbbell-shaped specimens (of approx. 30 mm length) are cut out of a plastic clay column in different directions and at different spots. After drying or firing the tensile strength of these specimens is determined. One can calculate a quotient of strength in two directions, for instance parallel and vertical to the direction of extrusion. This quotient is called the lamination number. This lamination Fig. 1 indicates that there are no laminations. The more the lamination figure deviates from number 1, the more pronounced will be the lamination within the structure. Very extensive tests have been conducted with the aid of this method, which is however unsuitable for regular production checks because of the work and time involved. 

More than 50% of refractories are consumed by the steel industry. The major steelmaking countries are China, Japan, and the United States. Structural clay products include bricks, sewer pipes, and roofing tiles. These are high-volume low-unit-cost items. Each year about 8 billion bricks are produced in the United States with a market value of over 1.5 billion. 

There are several professional ceramics societies in the world. In the United States, the American Ceramic Society (ACerS) founded in 1899 is the principal society for ceramists. The society, which is based in Westerville, Ohio, is divided into 10 divisions Art, Basic Science, Cements, Electronics, Engineering Ceramics, Glass Optical Materials, Nuclear Environmental Technology, Refractory Ceramics, Structural Clay Products, and Whitewares and Materials. The society organizes an annual meeting and publishes the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. The journal was created in 1918 and is one of the most important peer-reviewed journals in the field www. acers.org. 

W. E. Brownell. In Structural Clay Products. Applied Mineralogy, Vol. 9. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1976, pp. 126-164. 

Datollte. A boron mineral approximating in composition to CaO.B2O3.2SiO2.H2O it occurs in Russia and elsewhere. Trials have shown that it is a suitable flux for use in glazes for structural clay products. 

Grizzly. The name used in the English structural-clay products industry for a simple, stationary, screen consisting merely of a frame and perforated metal plate, or wire mesh the screen is set at an angle, the inclination depending on the angle of repose of the material being screened. 

Lamination. (1) Textural inhomogeneity in clayware resulting from the shaping process and particularly common in products that have been extruded. In structural clay products, lamination is a source of mechanical weakness and a cause of poor frost-resistance in refractory products lamination may reduce resistance to slag attack and to thermal shock. 

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