Clay extenders

Transparent white pigments (extenders) commonly used in inks, in order of decreasing transparency, ate alumina hydrate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, blanc fixe (precipitated barium sulfate), talc, and clay. Extenders ate sometimes used to reduce the color strength and change the theology of inks. 

To obtain a high viscosity at a much lower clay concentration, certain water-soluble vinyl polymers called clay extenders can be used. In addition to increasing the yield of sodium montmorillonite, clay extenders serve as flocculants for other clay solids. The flocculated solids are much easier to separate using solids control equipment. 

Spaiwite W-10 Spaiwite W-10HB Spaiwite W-20 Spaiwite W-20HB Spaiwite W-44 Spaiwite W-44HB extender, metal primers Peerless CoaUng Clay extender, metallic cold-cut paints Piece 6100 Piece 6115 extender, natural waxes Lanolin wax... 

Nytal 200 Nytal 300 Nytal 400 extender, phenol formaldehyde resins Dixie Clay extender, phenolics Translink HF-900 extender, pigment Calcium silicate... 

Thus at large grain sizes Reds III and IV which are both treated with modified abietyl resin are less cohesive (FF gradients wO.08 at 250 am) than Reds I and II (FF gradients 0.13 at 250 tm) which both have the conventional Ca resinate treatment used with this type of pigment. The 10% china clay extender in Red IV appears to produce no significant behavioural difference from Red III. 

The particle size distribution in clays, extending from 2 (x - 10 m has also been determined by Centrifugal methods . 

Available Forms. Phthalocyanines are available as powders, in paste, or Hquid forms. They can be dispersed in various media suitable for aqueous, nonaqueous, or multipurpose systems, eg, polyethylene, polyamide, or nitrocellulose. Inert materials like clay, barium sulfate, calcium carbonates, or aluminum hydrate are the most common soHd extenders. Predispersed concentrates of the pigments, like flushes, are interesting for manufacturers of paints and inks (156), who do not own grinding or dispersing equipment. Pigment—water pastes, ie, presscakes, containing 50—75% weight of water, are also available. 

The Chilean nitrate deposits are located in the north of Chile, in a plateau between the coastal range and the Andes mountains, in the Atacama desert. These deposits are scattered across an area extending some 700 km in length, and ranging in width from a few kilometers to about 50 km. Most deposits are in areas of low rehef, about 1200 m above sea level. The nitrate ore, caUche, is a conglomerate of insoluble and barren material such as breccia, sands, and clays (qv), firmly cemented by soluble oxidized salts that are predominandy sulfates, nitrates, and chlorides of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Cahche also contains significant quantities of borates, chromates, chlorates, perchlorates, and iodates. 

Clays used in plastics and mbber have historically been divided into two categories fillers that extend a polymer or fillers that reinforce a polymer. 

Extenders are generally classified as such because they are low in cost compared to the polymer into which they are incorporated. A preferred term for clays used as extenders might be functional fillers because addition to a polymer almost always alters its properties to some extent (15). 

Inks. Refined kaolin is a common ingredient in a large variety of printing inks (qv). In addition to extending the more expensive polymers present, ka olin also contributes to improved color strength, limits the penetration of the ink into the paper, controls rheology, and improves adhesion. Kaolin for this appHcation must usually be as white as possible and free from oversize particles. Surface treated clays are used to improve compatibiHty with oil-based ink. Clays can also be an ingredient in the newer water-based or uv-cured inks. 

By far the preponderance of the 3400 kt of current worldwide phenolic resin production is in the form of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) reaction products. Phenol and formaldehyde are currently two of the most available monomers on earth. About 6000 kt of phenol and 10,000 kt of formaldehyde (100% basis) were produced in 1998 [55,56]. The organic raw materials for synthesis of phenol and formaldehyde are cumene (derived from benzene and propylene) and methanol, respectively. These materials are, in turn, obtained from petroleum and natural gas at relatively low cost ([57], pp. 10-26 [58], pp. 1-30). Cost is one of the most important advantages of phenolics in most applications. It is critical to the acceptance of phenolics for wood panel manufacture. With the exception of urea-formaldehyde resins, PF resins are the lowest cost thermosetting resins available. In addition to its synthesis from low cost monomers, phenolic resin costs are often further reduced by extension with fillers such as clays, chalk, rags, wood flours, nutshell flours, grain flours, starches, lignins, tannins, and various other low eost materials. Often these fillers and extenders improve the performance of the phenolic for a particular use while reducing cost. 

Fillers. Some fillers, such as short fibres or flakes of inorganic materials, improve the mechanical properties of a plastic. Others, called extenders, permit a large volume of a plastic to be produced with relatively little actual resin. Calcium carbonate, silica and clay are frequently used extenders. 

For low solids muds with bentonite extenders the API filtration rate is approximately twice that which would be obtained using a conventional clay/ water mud having the same apparent viscosity. 

A biopolymer produced by a particular strain of bacteria is becoming widely used as a substitute for clay in low-solids muds. Since the polymer is attacked readily by bacteria, a bactericide such as paraformaldehyde or a chlorinated phenol also must be used with the biopolymer. The system has more stable properties than the extended bentonite system, because biopolymer exhibits good rheological properties in its own right, and has a better tolerance to salt and calcium. The system can be formulated to include salt, such as potassium chloride. Such a system, however, would then be classed as a nondispersed inhibitive fluid. 

Adding clay or chemical silicate type extenders together with their required extra water. 

The investigation on the use of K-10 montmorillonite under free solvent conditions was then extended to inner ring dienes such as furan and its 2,5-dimethyl derivative [9] (Table 4.3). The cycloadditions generally proceed slowly, and Zn(II)-doped clay and microwave irradiation were used to accelerate the reactions. The reaction with maleic anhydride preferentially affords the thermodynamically favored exo adduct. 

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