Classification Solvent Dyes

Azo Dyes. The Colourindex classifications of dyes depend more on their historical eady use than on their stmctures, eg. Oil Orange is named Solvent Yellow 14, and a yellow for synthetic fibers is Disperse Yellow 23. 

For practical reasons the different solubility can be used as a basis for a classification of solvent dyes, although there is no strict differentiation. Chemical constitution is defined here as a structure which meets the corresponding solvent requirements. 

Classification Azobenzene triphenylmethane color Empirical C33H40CIN3 Properties M.w. 514.15 Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Dye for paper pigment in printing inks solvent dye for ballpen inks, printer ribbons colorant in hair dyes... 

Several types of dyes or colorants do not "fit" logically into the other classifications and have been included in this special classification. Disperse dyes are small polar dye molecules which can be used to dye thermoplastic fibers such as triacetate, nylon, polyester, and other synthetic fibers. Solvent dyes are dyes which are specially formulated so that they can be applied from solvents other than water. Pigments are not dyes at all, but rather colorants that must be incorporated in the fiber during spinning or fixed on the surface of the fiber by use of a polymer adhesive. Natural dyes are complex mixtures derived from natural sources which can be placed in a number of the above classifications. 

There are, of course, many varieties in each of these chemical classifications, so that the result is hundreds of individual dyes each with its own specific characteristics for hue and use on substrates. Dyers have arranged this very complex and large group of chemical products into ten categories arranged by the method of application to the fiber or substrate acid dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, disperse dyes, reactive dyes, solvent dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes, and mordant dyes. It is in these categories that dyestuffs are discussed in the trade. 

Traditionally, the sol-gel process has been used for the preparation of silica nanoparticles via the hydrolysis of alkoxides in organic solvents [52,53]. Similar hydrolysis and condensation carried out in w/o microemulsion offers robust control over the synthesis process. W/o emiflsion-mediated sol-gel synthesis is currently used for the fabrication of pure sihca, as well as inorganic and organic dye-doped silica nanoparticles. The synthesis of sihca and dye-doped nanoparticles is classified in the following sections on the basis of the classification of the head group fimctionahty of the major surfactant used. 

Some bromine compounds are covered specifically under Hazardous Materials Regulations. Other compounds may usually be shipped under the classification of chemicals, not otherwise indexed by name, without special requirements unless from their nature they would fall under a category such as combustible liquid, compressed gas, corrosive liquid (or solid), disinfectant liquid (or solid), dmg, dye intermediate (liquid), fire extinguisher, flammable gas (liquid or solid), insecticide, medicine, oxidizer or oxidizing material, poisonous liquid (gas or solid), solvent, or tear gas. Specific provisions apply to each of these categories and appropriate packaging and labeling are required. 

Classification Specially denatured alcohol Definition Ethyl alcohol (100 gal) denatured with benzene (0.5 gal), rubber hydrocarbon solvent (0.5 gal), toluene (0.5 gal), or heptane (0.5 gal) Uses Solvent for plastics, resins, photographic film, transparent sheeting, explosives, petrol, prods., dehydration (cellulosics, sodium hydrosulfite) process solvent for pectin, food prods., crude drugs, vitamins, hormones, yeasts, antibiotics, vaccines, medicinal chems., dyes, intermediates, perfumes raw material for ethyl acetate, ethyl chloride, ethylamines, dyes, intermediates, etc. Regulatory FDA 27CFR 21.33 Trade Name Synonyms SDA-2B [Eastman http //www. eastman. com]... 

Classification Specially denatured alcohol Definition Ethyl alcohol denatured with ammonium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide Uses Solvent for cosmetics, shampoos, soaps, bath preps., external pharmaceuticals (not USP or NF), household detergents raw material for ethylamines, dyes, intermediates Regulatory FDA 27CFR 20.11,21.63 Trade Name Synonyms SDA-36 [Eastman http //www. eastman. com]... 

Solvent blue 7. See p-Phenylazoaniline Solvent blue 8. See Basic blue 9 Solvent blue 18. See 1,4,5,8-Tetraaminoanthraquinone Solvent blue 97 CAS 61969-44-6 Classification Anthraquinone Properties Dens. 1.18g/cm3 m.p. 200°C Uses Colorant in both transparent and opaque dyeing of PS, SAN, PMMA, PC, rigid PVC, CA and CAB colorant in opaque dyeing of SB,... 

Classification Aminoketone color Empirical C20H16N2O2 Properties M.w. 316,35 Uses Colorant in hair dyes Solvent yellow 93 CAS 4702-90-3 Synonyms Cl 48160 Classification Pyrazolone Properties YIsh. powd. bulking value 5.0 ml/g m.p. 186-187... 

In organic synthesis, the solvent polarity plays an important role. Dimroth and Reichardt" developed a solvent classification based on empirical parameter of solvent polarity called Ej(30) resp. Ej. Et(30) is the molar electronic transition energy of a strongly solvatochromic pyridinium-N-phenolate indicator dye (no. 30 in the first publication), given by the following eqation ... 

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