Solvent naming

Dramatic rate accelerations of [4 + 2]cycloadditions were observed in an inert, extremely polar solvent, namely in5 M solutions oflithium perchlorate in diethyl ether(s 532 g LiC104 per litre ). Diels-Alder additions requiring several days, 10—20 kbar of pressure, and/ or elevated temperatures in apolar solvents are achieved in high yields in some hours at ambient pressure and temperature in this solvent (P.A. Grieco, 1990). Also several other reactions, e.g, allylic rearrangements and Michael additions, can be drastically accelerated by this magic solvent. The diastereoselectivities of the reactions in apolar solvents and in LiClO EtjO are often different or even complementary and become thus steerable. 

Solvent name CAS Registry Number Common name (trade name) Empirical formula I[Pg.264]

Solvent name Viscosity, neat, Surface tension. Coeff. of expansion at 20°C, ... 

Solvent name Blush resistance at 27°C, % T oluene Ahphatic naphtha... 

Solvent name PEL, ppm Flash point, °C LEL, vol % UEL, vol % Evaporation b rate Autogenous ignition temperature, °C Vapor density... 

The selective, Ni-catalyzed, biphasic dimerization of 1-butene to linear octenes has been studied in the author s group. A catalytic system well loiown for its ability to form linear dimers from 1-butene in conventional organic solvents - namely the square-planar Ni-complex (q-4-cycloocten-l-yl](l,l,l,5,5,5,-hexafluoro-2,4-pen-tanedionato-0,0 )nickel [(H-COD)Ni(hfacac)] [103] - was therefore used in chloroaluminate ionic liquids. 

The last three columns contain the parameters which give the most reliable information on the nucleophilic character of the solvent for a wide range of solvents, namely Koppel and Paju s -values (1974), Schleyer s iVBS-values (Schadt et al., 1976), and Taft s / -values (Kamlet et al., 1983). The columns showing the type of product demonstrate roughly that increasing nucleophilicity favors the formation of products of homolytic intermediates. The fact that there is no exact correlation with nucleophilicity is likely to be due to the (one-) electron transfer capabilities of these solvents, which do not parallel the nucleophilicity (see Sec. 8.6). 

In a recent study, poly(aryl ether) dendritic branches terminated with triethyleneglycol chains were attached to Cgg [66] dendrimer 32 represents the fourth generation. The photophysical properties of these fullerodendrimers have been systematically investigated in three solvents, namely toluene, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile. On increasing dendrimer generation, it has been found that in each solvent (i) the maximum of the fullerene fluorescence band is red-shifted... 

This approach allowed us also to determine the difference in the surface potentials between mutually saturated water and an organic solvent namely, nitrobenzene, nitroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane, and isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK). The qualitative data show a very strong influence of the added organic solvent on the surface potential of water, while the presence of water in the nonaqueous phase has practically no... 

The text from the macro "THINDOWN", shown in the next figure, is inserted by the Formulator program. Suitable group numbers are added, and the chemist is asked to fill in the variable data, such as solvent names and quantities. 

It should be clear from the presentation in the previous section that the SCRF method is a model that by design focuses on only one physical effect accompanying the insertion of a solute in a solvent, namely the bulk polarization... 

Self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) models are the most efficient way to include condensed-phase effects into quantum mechanical calculations [8-11]. This is accomplished by using SCRF approach for the electrostatic component. By design, it considers only one physical effect accompanying the insertion of a solute in a solvent, namely, the bulk polarization of the solvent by the mean field of the solute. This approach efficiently takes into account the long range solute-solvent electrostatic interaction and effect of solvent polarization. However, by design, this model cannot describe local solute-solvent interactions. 

The high, partly superior performance of the biocarbon hybrids is worth underlining, as it is still the standard opinion that making processes more sustainable usually comes with a compromise in performance. This is clearly not the case for functional carbon materials and hybrids, which in our opinion is due to the fact that the more technological process of charring is replaced by a better controllable chemical process in a solvent, namely very hot water. 

When arranged according to increasing dipole moment, the solvent names are expressed on an ordinal scale as 1,7, 4, 2, 8, 6, 9, 5, 3. Figure 2.12 plots percent... 

Solvent Name Molecular Weight Flash Point °F Autoignition °F LEL% by Volume UEL% by Volume Boiling Point °f... 

The addition of water causes the formation of a coagulated phase of PBT solutions in any of the solvents named above (of course, the amount of water tolerated varies with the solvent, with the PPA solvent being the most tolerant toward water) (4). In very dilute solutions, the water causes enhanced depolarized scattering, interpreted to be the result of the formation of aggregates in which the rodlike chains are in parallel arrays (10). In more concentrated solutions, a gel phase is created (11,12). In either case, the electronic absorption spectra is altered from that characteristic of the protonated chain to that characteristic of the deprotonated, dry polymer (10). In the following we will report observations on this phase transition. 

In the correct examples, complete sentences were used (achieved by adding the words were purchased from Aldrich ). Also, parentheses were used for solvent purity, making the solvent names easier to read. 

The rate of oxidation decreases with dilution of methyl ethyl ketone by a nonpolar solvent—namely, benzene. The rate constants for both chain propagation and chain termination also drop (Table I), and the activation energies increase (Table II) because the elementary reactions of chain propagation and termination represent interaction between two dipoles occurring at a rate which depends on the dielectric constant of the medium. 

New Interactive Solvent Select Guide and Information dn Cu e click on a solvent name tor portal to data on physical properties/EHS Life cycle and SeparabUty. 

A metal ion (Lewis acid) has an influence on the reduction of organic compounds in aprotic solvents. Namely, the metal ion, M+, forms ion-pairs with Q and Q2 and shifts the first and second waves, to greater or lesser extents, to positive po-... 

The effects of the concentration of PIB on drag reduction in different solvents have been investigated (65). Viscosity measurements of PIB with different molecular weights in two solvents, namely cyclohexane and xylene showed that a universal drag reduction equation can be used in order to describe the behavior. 

When both components are nonhydrocarbons, the observation is listed in both places unless a substantial saving of space would result from using a cross reference. Hydrocarbons are listed as solvents (names in upper case and not indented) only if two hydrocarbons are involved, or if they are included in the supplementary Tables III to VIII. 

Cordite MD, it may be noted, is a double base powder made with volatile solvent and containing a non-volatile, non-explosive non-solvent, namely mineral jelly, and is classified in class II a d,... 

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