Classification of diseases

World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Eelated Health Problems (ICD-10), 10th Rev., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1992. 

Diagnostic criteria for inhalant use disorders in DSM-IV-TR are similar to those in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) (World Health Organization 1992). These criteria include biological, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of inhalant dependence is given when three or more of the seven criteria are present (see Table 8-2). The first criteria to be considered here are tolerance and withdrawal. These phenomena are considered to be forms of adaptation to chronic administration of these compounds and were discussed extensively earlier in this chapter. 

DSM-IV The fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders which along with the tenth edition of the World Health Organisation s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) are widely used for psychiatric evaluation, especially in clinical pharmacology. 

Advances in genomic technologies such as transcriptional profiling are facilitating the classification of disease at the molecular level. Clinical phenotypes previously... 

This chapter includes four indices the Alphabetical index, the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) numbers index, the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) numbers index, and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons key (OPCW) numbers index. OPCW numbers are found in the "Handbook on Chemicals, version 2002," Appendix 2 in Declaration Handbook 2002 for the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. OPCW numbers were developed to provide an easy method for tracking chemical warfare agents and precursors if CAS numbers were not available. 

ICD-10 Tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. It is the international standard diagnostic classification for all general epidemiological and many health management purposes. 

There has been some suggestion that the DSM may be influenced by the development of other classification systems, most notably by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 World Health Organization, 1992) which is a widely used international diagnostic system. There are certainly examples in the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, 1994) that clearly indicate that the DSM was changed simply to make it more compatible with an ICD diagnosis. For example, the DSM-IV added a new diagnosis termed Acute Stress Disorder for compatibility with the ICD-10 (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 783). 

DHEW (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare). 1968. Eighth revision international classification of diseases, adapted for use in the United States. Public Health Services Publication No. 1693 1. 

In the 1970s, Murray Jarvik and others, postdated that the powerful reinforcing effects of tobacco for humans were most likely explained by substances in addition to nicotine in the tobacco and smoke (Jarvik 1977 Russell 1979). Addiction to tobacco has been designated by the nomenclature as nicotine dependence and nicotine withdrawal by the American Psychiatric Association since 1987 because of the presence of nicotine (American Psychiatric Association 1994, 1987 Stratton et al. 2001). In fact, tobacco products are complex chemical cocktails, with the modem commercial cigarette representing perhaps the most complex of all. Therefore, there is also strong merit in the approach of the WHO in its International Classification of Diseases to use the terms tobacco dependence and tobacco withdrawal. ... 

NuiTibers following disease are from the eighth (1968-1977) or ninth (1978-1982) revision of the International Classification of Diseases, World Health Organization. 

Expected deaths are obtained from mortality tables, which are compiled from documented causes of death (usually death certificate) for the population of a nation or an area of a country. The usual sources of mortality data are mortality rates, commonly in five-year age groupings, published annually by vital records offices of a country or political subdivision (state, county, etc.). Some of the data sets are available through the World Health Organization tabulations of disease worldwide, which are based on the International Classification of Diseases. 

Mestres J. (2004) Computational chemogenomic approaches to systematic knowledge-based drug discovery. Curr. Top. Drug Discov. Dev. 7 304—313. National Center for Health Statistics (2005) The International classification of diseases, 9th revision, chnical modification. 1CD-9-CM, 6th ed. http //www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd9.htm. 

It is essential always to ensure that there is clear understanding of how terms are being used, and there is considerable confusion between authorities using the same terms. In this chapter the following definitions will be used. They adhere as far as possible at least to the concepts, if not the actual text, used in the World Health Organisation s International Classification of Diseases 10th ed. (ICD 10) ... 

The part of the international classification of diseases (ICD 10) concerning psychiatric disorders identifies over 500 different diagnoses or classification terms, divided into 10 main chapters and 100 categories, including classification and diagnostic criteria. These ten main chapters will not all be covered here, because clinical trials and approval data usually do not allow such discrimination. Additionally, some of these categories, such as dementia (code FOO-09) can be covered more appropriately under neurological diseases rather than in a chapter on psychiatric diseases. 

A comprehensive psychiatric history and psychiatric diagnosis according to a major classification system such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) or International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed. (ICD-10) is needed for all patients. A structured diagnostic interview may be helpful for some cases. The mortality rate associated with ECT in adults is approximately the same as that for anesthesia alone, about 1 death per 10,000 patients treated (or per 40,000 ECT treatments). 

The ICD-10, which was developed by the WHO as a classification of diseases, was approved in 1990 and implemented in 1993 (World Health Organization,... 

Clinical research involves sick persons and aims ultimately at improving existing treatments and discovering new and better ones. Questions of diagnosis and classification of diseases, as well as parts of basic medical research, also come under the heading of clinical research insofar as they concern the study of causes and mechanisms of diseases and their symptoms in humans. In psychiatry, clinical research in the sense of therapy research includes pharmacotherapeutic and non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches. This chapter deals exclusively with research on drug treatments. 

The third edition of the American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) marked the beginning of a new era in the classification of mental disorders in the United States (1). The emphasis on phenomenology in DSM-III and its revision, the DSM-lll-R, was a significant departure from the impressionistic, theoretically based schema of its predecessors, the DSM-I (1952) and the DSM-II (1968) ( 2, 3 and 4). The DSM-IV continues to emphasize the role of empirical findings as the basis for diagnosing psychiatric disorders, as well as strive for compatibility with the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), whenever feasible ( 5, 6). 

Some of the increase stems from changes in the International Classification of Diseases (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1980). 

Several reviews of the epidemiology of butadiene and cancer have been published, the latest available being by Himmelstein et al. (1997). In what follows, ICD codes are given for lymphohaematopoietic cancers in view of the shifting classification with subsequent editions of the International Classification of Diseases. 

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