Civil War, The

Instant coffee is the dried water-extract of ground, roasted coffee. Although used in Army rations as eady as the U.S. Civil War, the popularity of instant coffee as a grocery product grew only after World War II, coincident with improvements in manufacturing methods and consumer trends toward convenience. Extensive patent Hterature dates back to 1865. Instant coffee products represented 15% of the coffee consumed in the United States in 1991 (31). 

In the United States—where the inhabitants were considered filthy, bordering on the beastly —basins, pitchers, and washstands did not become middle-class essentials until after 1850. During the American Civil War, the North adopted Florence Nightingale s nursing reforms to popularize hygiene and keep its soldiers disease-free. 

The London opium traffickers diversification into the cotton trade at the close of the second Opium War intersected with the same London oligarchy s shifting of its principal strategic policy focus to the destruction of the United States — beginning with the efforts to wreck the republic via the British-sponsored Civil War. The massive expansion of cotton exporting was undertaken with full knowledge that U.S. cotton production — centered in the... 

Chinese coolies" — opium smokers — at work on U.S. railroad Lehman Bros. (Lehman Durr) office in Montgomery. Alabama shortly after the Civil War the same building houses The Oddfellows secret society... 

Women specifically served in three capacities, each of which entailed some modicum of pharmaceutical care. The first was as vivan-dieres, sometimes referred to as cantinieres. Vivandieres was a term derived from the Napoleonic campaigns when the Freneh army decided to regularize the female camp followers by allowing them to sell food and drink to the troops.5 In the American Civil War the word had lost its pecuniary aspect and instead became a vague and roman-... 

Jeffrey S. Sartin, Infectious Diseases During the Civil War The Triumph of the Third Army, Clinical Infectious Diseases 16 (1993) 582 and Paul E. Steiner, Diseases in the Civil Whr (Springfield, IE Charles C Thomas, 1968), p. 17. 

For an excellent summary of the historiographical debate, see Philip Shaw Paludan, What Did the Winners Win The Social and Economic History of the North During the Civil War, in Writing the Civil War The Quest to Understand, eds. James M. McPherson and William J. Cooper Jr. (Columbia University of South Carolina Press, 1998), pp. 174-200. 

In order to understand the medicinal situation in the Civil War, the critical nature of naval operations must be appreciated. Bern Anderson s By Sea and by River The Naval History of the Civil War (1962 reprinted, New York Da Capo Press, 1989) is a good general naval history of the war that has stood the test of time. Especially helpful for understanding the extent and character of the Union blockade and the privateers who sought to elude it are two books Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy Blockade Running During the Civil War (Columbia University of South Carolina Press, 1988) and Ivan Musicant, Divided Waters The Naval History of the Civil War (New York HarperCollins, 1995). 

NY Pharmaceutical Products Press, 2001). As part of the centennial anniversary of the Civil War, the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy featured a symposium titled Pharmacy Looks Back at the Civil War Years. Participants included George Winston Smith, Ernst Steib, J. Hampton Hoch, and Norman Franke, and three of the four papers were published in the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 1(12) (1961) 763-774. More recently see a brief but informative and well-referenced article by Guy Hasegawa, Pharmacy in the American Civil War, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57 (2001) 475-489. This has since been reprinted as part of a special Civil War issue of Pharmacy in History 42 (2000) that also contains Michael A. Flarmery, The Life of a Hospital Steward The Civil War Journal of Spencer Bonsall (87-97) and Maurice Albin, The Use of Anesthetics During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (99-114). 

I first time. Union and Confederate medicines, supply, and therapeutics are brought together under one cover. Thoroughly researched and superbly written with an outstanding selection of appendixes, Flannery s book is a significant contribution to the history of the Civil War. The author has written a fine piece of scholarship. This book will hold its shelf fife for decades to come."... 

Orlando Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917-1921 (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1989), chap. 6, The Rural Economy Under War Communism."... 

The behavior associated with the saloon led to a rebirth of the Temperance Movement, which had been quieted somewhat by the American Civil War. The saloon was the focal scapegoat of the Temperance Movement and was blamed for social ills such as thievery, gambling, prostitution, and political corruption. The Temperance Mox ement... 

Now we shall work from the same source material as before (the myth) but in a very different way, using Daedalus as our main character. We ll answer the seven questions briefly, as a step toward writing a bare-bones synopsis of the projected script, which is for a live-action, realistic film of 15 to 18 minutes, set during the time of the American Civil War. The synopsis is a useful tool, one required by many teachers as a first step in writing any screenplay—a kind of trial balloon. It is also useful for an initial class discussion of a student s work. Widely used in the industry, it is often required in applications for foundation grants, and many writers prefer it to a story outline. 

The chemical industry in the United States was at first slow to catch up with Europe. In 1850 a mere one thousand people were employed in the nation s 170 chemical plants. As western expansion and industrialization accelerated after the Civil War, the chemical industry began to grow rapidly most of today s major American chemical companies got their start between the 1870s and the First World War.5... 

The plant or plants ealled Lobelia have a track record in the treatment of infectious diseases, including tetanus and blood poisoning. The Iroquois Indians used Lobelia syphilitica, as the scientific name implies, against venereal diseases, maybe even uterine cancer. In the Civil War the species Lobelia inflata was used variously as an enema and for snake, spider, and insect bites. 

Many Indian groups were quite civilized, such as my ancestors, the Cherokee. Even before the coming of the Whites, they were farmers and lived in log homes. They were intelligent and most had evolved to the level of citizen. Individualists with a healthy streak of barbarism, they sided with the British during the Rebellion and fought on both sides during the Civil War, the southern faction including many slave owners. 

George Washington Carver was born on a Alissouri farm near Diamond Grove sometime toward the end of the U.S. Civil War. The exact date of... 

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