Civil wars

By the middle of the nineteenth century it was realized, both in England and in the United States, that kerosene, or coal oil, distilled from coal, could produce a luminous combustion flame. Commercialization was rapid. By the time of the U.S. Civil War, /yr (23,000 gal/yr) of lamp oil was... 

Various methods of home-dyeing cotton and wool materials using natural dyes made from hulls of butternut, hickory nut, pecan, eastern black walnut, and Knglish walnut have been described (149). As far back as during the Civil War, butternut hulls have been used to furnish the yellow dye for uniforms of the Confederate troops. More recent attempts have been made to manufacture yellow and brown dyes from filbert shells on a commercial scale. The hulls are treated with copper sulfate and concentrated nitric acid to produce a yellow color, with ferrous sulfate to produce oHve-green, or with ammonia to produce mby-red (150) (see Dyes AND DYE INTERMEDIATES Dyes, natural). 

Instant coffee is the dried water-extract of ground, roasted coffee. Although used in Army rations as eady as the U.S. Civil War, the popularity of instant coffee as a grocery product grew only after World War II, coincident with improvements in manufacturing methods and consumer trends toward convenience. Extensive patent Hterature dates back to 1865. Instant coffee products represented 15% of the coffee consumed in the United States in 1991 (31). 

Iodine. Iodine has been important for many years, primarily as an antiseptic (see Iodine and iodine compounds). In the American Civil War physicians used it to treat battie wounds. Elemental iodine is not very soluble in water, but dissolves readily when sodium iodide is added, forming triiodide + I I Iodine may thus be used as an aqueous solution but it has generally been used as a tincture of 2% iodine in 70% alcohol. Tests on... 

Owing to the disturbed state of China in recent years, supplies of Ephedra from that quarter have diminished and for some time were replaced by a drug of Spanish origin and later, as Spain also became involved in civil war, by supplies from India, where attentidn has been given to the five indigenous species E. intermedia Schrenk and Mayer, E. gerardiana Wall, E. nebrodensis Tineo, E. pachyclada Boiss. and E. foliata Boiss., of which the first three are of commercial importance. ... 

Burger, m. citizen townsman civilian. krieg, m. civil war. 

Post—Civil War America witnessed a tremendous growth in steam power, including the 1882 introduction of the central electric station by Thomas Edison. These stations were initially thought of as curious... 

During the American Civil War, Ericsson designed a steam-driven iron-clad ship, a concept initially rejected by the Navy Board as being too novel. The Monitor, built through the intervention of President Lincoln, but at Ericsson s expense, brought to a sudden end the era of wooden warships. 

Oliver Powder Company. An American company manufg commercial expls, founded shortly after the American Civil War by General P.A. Oliver,... 

Following the Revolution, the iron forge and powder mill in the Picatinny Valley shared the changes of fortune of the country s industries. Except for brief periods of boom actnjjty, particularly during the War of 1812 and the Civil War, they operated in comparative obscurity... 

In the mid-nineteenth century, it was the custom for doctors to frequently prescribe morphine (first isolated from opium by Friedrich Serturner in 1806) and other opium preparations. Morphine did not have a major impact on medical practice until the invention of the hypodermic needle in 1840. Soldiers illness was recognized after the Civil War when more than 50,000 veterans became dependent on morphine as a result of treatment for combat injuries (Musto 1987). The public also had ready access to opium and purified drugs in grocery stores and pharmacies. Medicinal mixtures and nostrums, usually unlabelled as to contents, often contained opium or morphine. By the end of the century, many physicians had come to recognize that chronic use of morphine was a disorder (morphinism), although others in society... 

Parry, Graham. "A troubled Arcadia." In Literature and the English Civil War, eds. Thomas Healy and Jonathan Sawday, 38-55. Cambridge , 1990. 

In the United States—where the inhabitants were considered filthy, bordering on the beastly —basins, pitchers, and washstands did not become middle-class essentials until after 1850. During the American Civil War, the North adopted Florence Nightingale s nursing reforms to popularize hygiene and keep its soldiers disease-free. 

As heirs to prime New Orleans real estate, a number of free African Americans became quite wealthy before the Civil War. Norbert Rillieux s cousins included members of some of New Orleans richest families. A few of his cousins were so confident of their social status and their ability to pass as white that they signed their names without the required term free man of color, or f.m.c. Many free people of color also invested heavily in slaves. When Norbert Rillieux was in his twenties, more than 700 of New Orleans free African Americans owned an average of three slaves apiece, often family members who were eventually freed. Each of the 23 richest free people of color in New Orleans owned between 10 and 20 slaves. 

Great fortunes could be made, and Norbert Rillieux was an ambitious, energetic man. Louisiana sugar growers were wealthier than any other group of Southerners before the Civil War. John Burnside, who started his career as a peddler with a backpack, owned one of the biggest plantation operations on record. His 7600 acres were as flat as a billiard table and worth 1.5 million his 937 slaves were valued at half a million more. 

Sadly, only about 13 of Rillieux s systems were installed before the Civil War. Most planters had no idea how his apparatus worked and remained suspicious. They were more accustomed to buying slaves than technology and did not adopt Rillieux s evaporator until the 1880s or 1890s. Only then did Rillieux s mechanization of the manually operated Jamaica train have an impact on Louisiana agriculture like that of Eli Whitney s cotton gin. 

Leaving Louisiana and its racial problems behind, Rillieux returned permanently to France around the time of the Civil War. Fearful of losing their federal subsidies, most Louisiana sugar planters initially opposed secession. Nonetheless, when their state seceded in January 1861, most supported the Confederacy. In the end, the war destroyed their sugar plantations and freed their slaves. According to some reports, Rillieux returned to France before the war, but his closest French associate wrote that Rillieux left the United States after the war, exhausted and asking for nothing but rest. ... 

As for Frances Gelvin, he finally decided that marriage with such a temperamental woman would have been one continual civil war.. . . Fran has several qualities that I detest and I have several which she detests with equal or better grounds. The war might have been interesting and life would never probably have sunk to the level of common boredom, but I have a feeling that things would have ended up in a big crash one way or another. ... 

Suellen Hoy. Chasing Dirt The American Pursuit of Cleanliness. New York Oxford University Press, 1995. Source for filthy Americans and the Civil War. 

Researchers from Eli Lilly pharmaceuticals, (a company founded in 1876 by Colonel Eli Lilly veteran of the US Civil War), undertook further intensive phytochemical studies and characterized 60 alkaloids, of which a group of 20 binary indole alkaloids—including vincristine and vinblastine. Vinblastine sulphate (Velbe ) inhibits the polymerization of tubulin and is used to treat generalized Hodgkin s disease and chorionepithelioma, whereas vincristine sulphate (Oncovin ) is used to treat leukemia in children. 

The American Civil War lasted from 1861 until 1865 The world is round n = 3.14159... 

The deciding impulse which introduced biogenesis into scientific discussion came from Russia. After the upheavals of the civil war, that country was the subject of worried observation by the rest of the world. It was assumed that no great scientific achievements would be possible there. Then, in 1924, a book on the material basis of the origin of life on Earth appeared in Red Russia . Its author was Alexandr Ivanovich Oparin (1894-1980) from the Bakh Institute of Biochemistry in Moscow (Oparin, 1924). Basically, the Oparin hypothesis makes the following assumptions ... 

The Carl Schurz Association had been founded in 1927 by democratic circles in southern Germany. Carl Schurz was the most significant German who fled to the United States in 1848. He became a general in the Civil War. He was a friend of Abe Lincoln and he was famous for his laws for the protection of Negroes after the abolition of slavery in the United States.. . . Lee told us "Try to prevent any propaganda in the United States, but see to it that the American public is better informed by fair publicity."... 

During the history of the human settlement in the Ebro basin, the river channel has played an important role as a frontier line but also as a communication line. The Ebro River basin was a crucial scenario for hard and bloody battles, such as the Ebro battle which occurred at the lower part of the Ebro basin During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Hydrology played a military role during this battle, with sudden openings of upstream dams in order to interrupt the crossing of the infantry. 

In 1875, spiritualist circles in New York helped launch the Theosophical Society, another major component of the occult revival. The Society was founded by H. P. Blavatsky (1831-1891) and Colonel Henry Steel Olcott (1832-1907). Blavatsky, who was born in the Russian Ukraine, claimed to have studied for seven years under Hindu mahatmas and even to have traveled in Tibet at a time when few Westerners were permitted into the country. Olcott had worked in the Navy Department during the Civil War he had even been one of three members of the special commission to investigate the assassination... 

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