Citrus evaluate

Choosing a Sensory Test. The types of sensory methods available for citrus evaluation are numerous. Two excellent refer-... 

Torres CM, Pico Y, Marin R, et al. 1997. Evaluation of organophosphoms pesticide residues in citrus fruits from the Valencian community (Spain). J Assoc Off Anal Chem 80 1122-1128. 

In many instances the problem of surface contamination has been principally studied 3-5, 7-10,16,17, 19, 22). However, early in the DDT studies on citrus fruits, it became evident that appreciable amounts of this insecticide penetrated into certain components of the peel. Following this disclosure, suitable techniques were investigated and an evaluation of the penetration of DDT and later of parathion into various kinds of fruit was undertaken. 

Honeycutt, R.C. and DeGeare, M.A., Evaluation of the Potential Exposure to Chlorpyrifos During Mixing and Loading, Spray Application, Clean-Up Procedures During the Treatment of Citrus Groves with Lorsban 4E Insecticide, unpublished report, HERAC, Inc., January 18, 1994. 

Assessments of risks associated with the use of chlorpyrifos insecticide products for workers have been made. The assessments are based on the results of field studies conducted in citrus groves, a Christmas tree farm, cauliflower and tomato fields, and greenhouses that utilized both passive dosimetry and biomonitoring techniques to determine exposure. The biomonitoring results likely provide the best estimate of absorbed dose of chlorpyrifos, and these have been compared to the acute and chronic no observed effect levels (NOELs) for chlorpyrifos. Standard margin-of-exposure (MOE) calculations using the geometric mean of the data are performed however, probability (Student s f-test) and distributional (Monte Carlo simulation) analyses are deemed to provide more realistic evaluations of exposure and risk to the exposed population. 

Phinney et al. [Ill] investigated the application of citrus pectins, as chiral selectors, to enantiomer separations in capillary electrophoresis. Successful enantioreso-lution of primaquine and other antimalarials, was achieved by utilizing potassium polypectate as the chiral selector. Changes in pH, chiral additive concentration, and capillary type were studied in relation to chiral resolution. The effect of degree of esterification of pectin materials on chiral recognition was evaluated. 

Linares J, Scholberg J, Boote K, Chase CA, Ferguson JJ, McSorley R (2008) Use of the cover crop weed index to evaluate weed suppression by cover crops in organic citrus orchards. Hort Sci 43 27-37... 

Buettner, A. and Schieberle, P. Evaluation of key aroma compounds in hand-squeezed grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi... 

The microorganism was classified as a new species of actinomycete. Streptomyces avermitilis. Its anthelmintic activity was shown to reside in 8 closely related macrocyclic lactones, named avermectins, which were also found to possess activity against free-living and parasitic arthropods. One of the natural components, avermectin is now being evaluated as a pesticide for the control of mites of citrus and cotton crops and control of the Red Imported Fire Ant. A chemical derivative, 22,23-dihydroavermectin or ivermectin, has been developed as an antiparasitic agent. It is being marketed for use in cattle, horses and sheep and is expected to become available for swine and dogs. 

Evaluation of Petroleum Fractions against California Red Scale and Citrus Red Mite... 

The two series of narrow-boiling petroleum fractions used in these studies were derived from two water-white oils, one of naphthenic character and the other highly paraffinic in nature. These fractions were prepared in the laboratories of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station and supplied to the writers for evaluation against citrus... 

RIEHL AND La DUE—EVALUATION OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS AGAINST CITRUS PESTS... 

RNEHL AND LoDUD-EVALUATION OP PETROLEUM PRACIIONS AGAMST CITRUS PESTS... 

Pearce et al. (21) suggest that some property of the fractions which has not been evaluated is probably related to the killing mechanism of hydrocarbon oils to oriental fruit moth eggs. It is thought that this may be true for eggs of the citrus red mite as well, and may be particularly applicable to the performance of the oils against adult female Califomia red scale. 

Kushad, M.M. Yelenosky, G. (1987). Evaluation of polyamine and proline levels during low temperature acclimation of citrus. Plant Physiology 84, 692-5. 

As citrus fruits and their products contribute substantially to the American diet and are consumed in great abundance, we believe the time is appropriate to review in detail some important nutritional and quality properties of this important fruit. Twenty-eight scientists joined with us to cover extensively subjects in the following areas nutrition and health quality as related to specific biochemical components effects of handling and processing quality control and evaluation regulatory implication and adulteration. 

This article is a review of our major biomedical research efforts, previous and ongoing, on the role of citrus and citrus pectin in human nutrition. Its purpose is to focus attention, provide scientific evidence and evaluate the direction of future research on the beneficial role of citrus fruits in human nutrition. 

The establishment of precise objective measurements for citrus quality has been hindered by the lack of good analytical methods and the lack of consensus on a common definition of quality. The evaluation of bitterness is a prime example. 

In order to monitor the flavor of their products more closely, the Florida Citrus Processors Association has contracted with the USDA Processed Products Branch to operate a taste panel in which current FCOJ production is tested on a weekly basis. The panel consists of local consumers (generally housewives) and personnel from each of the participating plants (other types of citrus products have been evaluated in the past). Panelists rate samples on a 9-point scale from a low of "extremely poor" to a high of "excellent". Juices are ranked according to flavor score and a copy of the rankings are sent to each processor with only that particular processor s product identified (3). 

In addition, a comprehensive sensory evaluation program involving citrus and citrus-based products is being conducted by the author. Many facets of citrus flavor research may be ongoing at any particular time utilizing an assortment of sensory evaluation methods. 

This paper is an attempt to document certain problems peculiar to sensory evaluation of citrus fruit or products primarily as they pertain to Florida and to perhaps offer some solutions or alternatives to these problems. 

Fresh Citrus Juice. Freshly extracted commercial orange juice may contain a high peel oil content making sensory evaluation of this product very difficult because of the overriding, biting and even bitter flavor effect of the peel oil. This is one of the reasons why in certain plants, minimal attention is paid to the flavor quality of the juice until the product is standardized either in retail or bulk form (2). 

Excessive pressure used in hand-reaming of citrus fruit can also result in juice containing high peel oil content and perhaps significant amounts of undesirable flavor constituents (primarily of a bitter nature) as well. Since high peel oil and undesirable flavor constituents would seriously affect sensory evaluation results in a negative way, care should be taken in hand-reaming citrus fruit to apply only as much pressure as necessary to extract most but not all of the juice. In this way the amounts of peel oil and undesirable flavor factors will be held to normal levels. 

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