Cinnamomum camphora essential oils

Linalool (3,7-dimethyl-l,6-octadien-3-ol) (62) occurs as one of its enantiomers in many essential oils, where it is often the main component. (/ )-(-)-Linalool for example occurs at a concentration of 80-85% in Ho oils from Cinnamomum camphora rosewood oil contains ca 80%. (S)-(+)-Linalool makes up 60-70% of coriander oil [26]. 

Chalchat, J.C. and Valade, I. (2000) Chemical composition of leaf oils of Cinnamomum from Madagascar C. zeylanicum Blume, C. camphora L., C. fragrans Bail Ion and C. angustifolium. Journal of Essential Oil Research 12, 537-540. 

Characterization of Essential Oils from Cinnamomum camphora T. Nees Eberm. and Ravensara aromatica Sonnerat from Madagascar... 

CAMPHOR The drug from the essential oil, obtained by steam distillation of the wood from Cinnamomum camphora (L.), J.Presl, belonging to the family Lauraceae, a high tree that is cultivated mainly in Taiwan. The production of natural camphor (optically active) has been replaced by synthetic camphor (racemate), which is synthesized from a-pinene (from turpentine oil). 

Camphor" is the common name for Cinnamomum camphora and the name of the compound that gives this plant its distinctive smell. The compound camphor is frequently used in topical personal care products. The compound camphor comprises approximately 50% of camphor essential oil (Stubbs et al. 2004). 

Stubbs, B.J., A. Specht, and D. Bmshett. 2004. The essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees and Eberm.—Variation in oil composition throughout the tree in two chemotypes from eastern Australia.. Ess. Oil Res. 16(1) 9-14. 

Seedlings of Eucalyptus accumulate essential oil rich in pinenes, while adult plants produce 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) as main component. Similarly, seedlings of Cinnamomum camphora synthesize safrole as major volatile compound of the leaves, but later, different other compounds start to accumulate in abundance corresponding to the different intraspeci c chemotype (Tetenyi, 1975). Juvenile parts of Thuja occidentalis show a multiple difference in the quantitative composition of the volatiles compared with that of the mature shoots. The accumulation rate of sabinene (25.37%) and a-pinene (26.29%) are especially high compared to the leaves of the adult plant (0.76% and 3.54%, respectively) (Gnilka et al., 2010). Interestingly, the adaptive role or other function of these changes is still not adequately declared and is worth of further research. 

Borneol is a component in many essential oils, for example, oils of Pinaceae, Salvia officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Artemisia species (Bornscheuer et al., 2014). Cinnamomum camphora chemotype borneol and Blumea balsamifera, which are rich in (+)- and (-)-borneol, respectively, are used as sources for preparation of bing plan, a drug of traditional Chinese medicine hao et al., 2012). Moreover, borneol is used giving soaps, perfumes, and other products a scent of spruce needles. In vitro studies with rat liver microsomes could provide evidence for four metabolites (Figure 9.1) (Zhang et al., 2008). The main metabolite, camphor, could also be detected in rat plasma (Sun et al., 2014). 

A study was conducted on 60 patients who were chronic carriers of hepatitis B or C. The essential oils of Cinnamomum camphora ct 1,8-cineole, Daucus carota. Ledum groelandicum, Laurus nobilis, Helichrysum italicum, Thymus vulgaris ct thujanol, and M. quinquenervia were used orally in various combinations. They were used as a monotherapy or as a complement to allopathic treatment. The objectives of treatment were normalization of transaminase levels, reduction of viral load, and stabilization or regression of brosis. In patients with hepatitis C given bitherapy and essential oils, there was an improvement to treatment of 100%. With essential oil monotherapy, improvements were noted in 64% of patients with hepatitis C, and there were two cures of hepatitis B (Giraud Robert, 2005). 

Camphor, a bicyclic monoterpene, is extracted from the woods of Cinnamomum camphora, a tree located in Southeast Asia and North America. Furthermore, it is also one of the major constituents of the essential oil of common sage (Salvia officinalis). Solid camphor forms white, fatty crystals with intensive camphoraceous odor and is used commercially as a moth repellent and preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (Wichtel, 2002). In dogs, rabbits, and rats, camphor is extensively metabolized whereas the major hydroxylation products of d- and L-camphor were 5-endo-md 5-ex -hydroxycamphor. A small amount was also identified as 3-e do-hydroxycamphor (Figure 8.2). Both 3- and 5-bornane groups can be further reduced to 2,5-bornanedione. Minor biotransformation steps also involve the reduction of camphor to borneol and isoborneol. Interestingly, all hydroxy-lated camphor metabolites are further conjugated in a Phase II reaction with glucuronic acid... 

Fujita Y, Fujita S, Ihnaka Y 1974 Biogenesis of the essential oils in camphor trees. XXXIV. Essential oil components of a residue of Cinnamomum camphora excavated at Konoyama, Moriyama, of district in Tokushima Prefecture. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 48 693-696... 

An important precursor of (-)-perrillyl aldehyde (periUal) is (-)-perillyl alcohol. Fenchol (also known as a-fenchyl alcohol or fenchan-2-ol, 8-20) is a bicyclic monoterpenic alcohol occurring as a minor component in citrus, fennel and sage essential oils. Another common compound is the bicyclic alcohol thujan-4-ol (sabinene hydrate), which occurs at a high level in the marjoram essential oil (see Table 8.32, later). Borneol (bornan-2-ol) is a component of camphor oils Cinnamomum camphora, Lauraceae). Trivial and systematic names of selected monoterpenic alcohols are listed in Table 8.6. 

Bicyclic ketone camphor, formed by oxidation of borneol, is a component of cinnamon, sage and rosemary essential oils. In nature, camphor is formed by the oxidation of borneol, and usually occurs as a mixture of two isomers, (+)-camphor (8-51), which is more common, and (-)-camphor (8-51). Camphor is obtained from the camphor laurel tree wood Camphor officinalis, syn. Cinnamomum camphora, Lauraceae) originating in Indochina, where it grows in large numbers. A further sesquiterpenic ketone is (-)-fenchone (8-51), which is found in many essential oils, for example in fennel essential oil. 

C. is naturally isolated from distilled camphor wood oil (Cinnamomum camphora) or synthetically made from pinene and finds use in artificial - essential oils of the - lavandin family as well as in other fresh, green or herbal perfume types to give lift and freshness. In -+flavors it reinforces minty notes. 

A monoterpene, constituent of an essential oil from the wood of Cinnamomum camphora which provides exclusively a dextrorotatory camphor both isomers may be found in several Chrysanthemum species. 

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