Primary reinforcers

In its reinforcing capacity, a drug of abuse increases the frequency of preceding responses, and accordingly is called a reinforcer. All drugs of abuse are primary reinforcer and lead to self-administration. 

Hollow masonry units should conform to ASTM C90, Grade N. Joint reinforcing should meet the requirements of ASTM A82 with a minimum yield stress of 70 ksi (483 MPa) and a minimum ultimate strength of 80 ksi (552 MPa). Grade 60 bars should be used for primary reinforcing. 

Rose JE, Levin ED (1991) Inter-relationships between conditioned and primary reinforcement in the maintenance of cigarette smoking. Br J Addict 86(5) 605-609 Rosecrans JA (1971) Elfects of nicotine on brain area 5-hydroxytryptamine function in male and female rats separated for differences of activity. Eur J Pharmacol 16(1) 123-127 Rosecrans JA (1972) Brain area nicotine levels in male and female rats with different levels of spontaneous activity. Neuropharmacology ll(6) 863-870 Rosecrans JA, Schechter MD (1972) Brain area nicotine levels in male and female rats of two strains. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 196(l) 46-54 Saigusa T, Takada K, et al (1997) Dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens evoked by dopamine receptor stimulation in the entorhinal cortex is modulated by oestradiol and progesterone. Synapse 25(1) 37 3... 

Baptista MAS, Martin-Fardon R, Weiss F (2004) Preferential effects of the metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 on conditioned reinstatement versus primary reinforcement comparison between cocaine and a potent conventional reinforcer. J Neurosci 24 4723-4727 2004... 

As a result of these early studies, therefore, four main hypotheses were considered to explain the effect of DA-receptor blockers on instrumental behavior (1) Blunting of the rewarding properties of primary reinforcers (original anhedonia hypothesis) ... 

Loss of the incentive-motivational and arousal properties of primary reinforcers (rewards) and of stimuli conditioned to them (incentives) (revised anhedonia hypothesis) ... 

Plies Textile or steel cords extending from bead to bead and thereby serving as the primary reinforcing material in the tire casing. 

Fibers and steel cord are the primary reinforcement and load-carrying materials in the tire. It is thus appropriate to review the properties of such materials for application in tires. 

A snowboard will contain about two thirds composite material and although glassfiber is used as the primary reinforcement, there is potential for carbon fiber. 

Carbon Black. This is the primary reinforcing filler used in the rubber industry. Carbon black can be made by three processes the furnace process, the thermal process, and the channel process. Over 97% of black is made by the furnace process (see Carbon Black). 

Classical SPPCs can further be incorporated with nanofibers, in order to get hybrid composites. The nanofibrous structure can modify their interlaminar properties or even other properties to get functionalized hybrids for specific applications. On the other hand, nanofibers can be the primary reinforcement of composite materials. This subsection summarizes the potential of nanofibers in nanocomposites. 

There is a problem of satiation with primary reinforcers. Once you have had enough food you do not want any more, at least in the short-term. For this reason, generalized reinforcers tend to be the most powerful. (In an organizational context secondary will be most often used.) Social reinforcers, for example attention and praise, are powerful, can be easily administered and do not disrupt on-going behaviour. They are, in fact, naturally occurring in everyday life. Many reinforcers, therefore, have acquired their value as a reinforcer by association with other reinforcers, often early in our lives. Two of the most powerful are praise and recognition, and feedback and the attainment of self-set goals. 

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