Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease evaluation

Iloprost has not been evaluated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CORD), severe asthma, or acute pulmonary infections. 

Ramelteon is available in 8-mg tablets for oral administration. The current maximum dosage is 8 mg administered at night however, during trials, up to 16 mg was studied. Ramelteon should be used with caution in elderly patients because plasma levels were twice those in healthy adults in clinical trials. Ramelteon should not be used by patients with severe hepatic impairment. This medication has been evaluated in moderate sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and appeared to be safe to administer in this population. Ramelteon was not studied in subjects with severe sleep... 

Calvert GM, Sweeney MH, Morris JA, et al. 1991. Evaluation of chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and ventilatory function among workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Am Rev Resp Dis 144 1302-1306. 

Casaburi R, Mahler DA, Jones PW, Wanner A, San PC, ZuWallack RL, Menjoge SS, Serby CW, Witek T Jr. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2002 19(2) 217-24. 

The safety of perflenapent has been evaluated in multicenter phase II studies in 146 patients with congestive heart failure (NYHA class III or IV, mean age 68 years), of whom 99 received perflenapent and 47 received isotonic saline, and in 134 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FEVi no more than 60% of predicted, mean age 65 years), of whom 91 received perflenapent and 43 received isotonic saline (13). Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, the electrocardiogram, FEVi, complete serum biochemistry, hematology, and mental state were assessed. Adverse events were mild and required no treatment. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between those given perflenapent (15%) and those given placebo (11%). The most frequent adverse events with perflenapent were vasodilatation (n = 8), taste disturbance (n = 6), nausea (n = 5), and headache (n = 3). 

Smith A, Ramsey B 1995 Aerosol administration of antibiotics. Respiration 62(suppl 1) 19-24 Soma L, Beech J, Gerber N 1987 Effects of cromolyn in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Veterinary Research Communications 11 339-344 Sustronck B, Deprez P, Muylle E 1995 Evaluation of nebulization of sodium ceftiofur in the treatment of experimental Pasteurella haemolytica bronchopneumonia in calves. Research in Veterinary Science 59 267-271... 

The Health Outcomes Institute has developed and validated several outcome instruments that can be used to 11 evaluate patient outcomes following interventions by pharmacists. These include hypertension/lipids, angina, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic sinusitis, hip replacement, hip fracture, depression, low back pain, osteoarthritis, alcohol abuse, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, and prostatism (Appendix 4). The Health Outcomes Institute is located at 2001 Killebrew Drive, Suite 122, Bloomington, MN 55425 telephone (612) 858-9188. 

Boyd G, Morice AH, Pounsford JC, et al. An evaluation of salmeterol in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1997 10 815-821. 

Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S etal. (2004) The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 350 2645-2653 Jokinen K, Palva T, Nuutinen J (1976) Chronic bronchitis. A bronchologic evaluation. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 38 178-186... 

Pryor JA, Webber BA, Hodson BA, et al. Evaluation of the forced expiration technique as an adjunet to postural drainage in treatment of cystic fibrosis. BMJ 1979 2(6187) 417-418. American ThOTacic Society. Standards for the Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995 152(5 pt 2) S77-S121. Clarke SW, Pavia D. Lung mucus jnoduction and mucociliary clearance methods of assessment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980 9(6) 537-546. 

Zibrak JD, Hill NS, Federman EC, et al. Evaluation of intermittent long-term negative-pressure ventilation in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988 138(6) 1515-1518. 

Nava S, Fanfulla F, Frigerio P, et al. Physiologic evaluation of 4 weeks of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in stable hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2001 68(6) 573-583. 

More broadly, timolol therapy should be considered with caution in patients with any significant sign, symptom, or history for which systemic beta-blockade would be medically imwise.This includes disorders of cardiovascular or respiratory origin (e g., asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) as well as many other conditions. Spirometric evaluation after institution of timolol therapy may help to identify patients in whom bronchospasm develops after commencement of therapy. In general, however, patients with asthma and other obstructive pulmonary diseases should avoid this drug. Sympathetic stimulation may be essential to support the circulation in individuals with diminished myocardial contractility, and its inhibition by P-adrenoceptor antagonists may precipitate more severe cardiac feilure. 

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