Chromium-manganese spinel

Chromium iron manganese brown spinel, formula and DCMA number, 7 348t Chromium iron nickel black spinel, formula and DCMA number, 7 348t Chromium isotopes, 6 476 Chromium magnesium oxide, 5 583 Chromium manganese zinc brown spinel, formula and DCMA number, 7 348t Chromium-nickel alloys, 77 100-101 Chromium-nickel-iron alloys, 17 102-103 Chromium-nickel stainless steels, 15 563 Chromium niobium titanium buff rutile, formula and DCMA number, 7 347t Chromium(III) nitrate, 6 533 Chromium nitride, 4 668... 

As an example. Figure 7 shows the result obtained in the case of a typical lithium ion cathode, i.e. a chromium-stabilized lithium manganese spinel [29], cycled in a LiC104/E(7DMC/PAN electrolyte ceU [30], to promote and evaluate the process ... 

Figure 7. Voltage profiles of the lithium deintercalation-intercalation cycle of the chromium-stabilized manganese spinel cycled in a LiOCWEC/DMC/PAN electrolyte cell at room temperature and at 0.1 mA-cm rate. Lithium counter electrode. Charge lithium deintercalalion dixharge lithium intercalation Derived from data in reference 30.

Several attempts have been made to stabilize the layered LiMn02 phase by substitution of manganese ions with small amounts of chromium and aluminum by conventional solid state reaction and the introduction of cobalf and nickel on the manganese sites via the chimie douce reaction. Although these substituted layered compounds resulted in improvements in capacity retention in comparison to pure LiMn02, they have been found to be thermodynamically unstable with respect to their transformation to the less desired spinel structure. 

Cobalt, copper, chromium and manganese oxides are mainly used for melt coloration. The colorants used are, in the main, those used in the ceramic industry e.g. oxides such as chromium(III) or iron(IIl) oxides spinels such as C0AI2O4 rutile, zirconium and tin colorants. 

In an ideal 5-V spinel cathode material, the manganese ion is tetravalent and the redox species are foreign metal ions. Nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, and chromium are known as a foreign metal The highest 5-V capacity is obtained for the composition of LiM(, Mn and LiMMnO, where M is divalent and divalent, respectively. Although a capacity of 145-147 mAh/g can be expected for the divalent metal (Ni, Cu) under the two-electron transfer mechanism, only LiNij MUj... 

With a relative abundance in the Earth s crust of 122 mg/kg, chromium is the 21st most abundant element and the 6th most abundant transition metal after iron, titanium, manganese, zirconium, and vanadium it is more abundant than nickel, zinc, and copper. Though native chromium is extremely rare (e.g, Udachnaya Mine in Russia), most common chromium-bearing minerals are the spinel-type mineral chromite [FeCr O, cubic] and, to a lesser... 

Mohler R, White W (1994) Influence of structural order on the luminescence of oxide spinels manganese activated spinels. Mater Res Bull 29 1109-1116 Moine B, Pedrini C, Duloisy E et al (1991) Fluorescence properties of Cu + ion in borate and phosphate glasses. J De Phys IV LC7-289-C7-292 Moncorge R, Cormier G, Simkon D, Capobianco J (1991) Fluorescence analysis of chromium doped forsterite (Mg2Si04). IEEE J Quantum Electron 27 114-120 Moncorge R, Manaa H, Boulon G (1994) Cr and Mn active centers for new solid state laser materials. Opt Mater 4 139-144... 

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