Chloropicrin effect

Few nitroalkanes have found use as explosives. Nitromethane (CH3NO2) is a notable exception, and there have been numerous studies of its decomposition pathway [42,43,44]. It has been reported that nitromethane is sensitized to detonation by acidic and basic media. This sensitizing effect is approximately linear with the pKa [45], The best explanation of the effect is that nitromethane undergoes autocatalytic decomposition by an ionic mechanism under acidic or basic conditions [46,47], Among other mononitroalkanes, nitroethane, the nitropropanes, and chloropicrin C13C(N02), have been the most extensively studied. The decomposition... 

Chloropicrin, CC13N02 (bp 112°C)—Chloropicrin is a tear gas used as both a soil and a commodity fumigant. Chloropicrin has a strong odor and irritant effect, so it is often added as a "warning agent" to fumigants. Its oral LD50 in rats is 250 mg/kg. 

Dichloropropene, methyl iodide, chloropicrin, dazomet, and metam-sodium are potential alternatives after the phaseout of methyl bromide. However, methyl bromide has shown to be difficult to replace because of its low cost and effectiveness against a wide variety of pests. 

Toxic chemicals tliat could potentially cause a major problem if accidentally released into tlie atmosphere include clilorine, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, chloropicrin, gasoline lead additives, vinyl cliloridc. and benzene. Hiis chapter addresses the process application of some chemicals from the foregoing list, as well as some others that are considered to be highly toxic hydrogen cyanide, sulfuric acid, and etliylene. Process considerations, physical and chemical properties, healtli effects, and metliods of manufacture of tliese chemicals are discussed in conjunction with potential causes of release. 

It is insoluble in water, though it easily dissolves in many organic solvents (alcohol, benzene, carbon disulphide, acetic acid, acetone, ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, etc.). It is also soluble in several of the other war gases, such as phosgene, chloropicrin, etc. Because of this property, it may be used together with these war gases so as to attain a more complete range of effects. 

The toxic effects of chloropicrin occur very rapidly. The liver is the primary site of metabolism of this compound. Reductive dechlorination of chloropicrin serves as the basis for its multiple types of toxic action. Following an intraperitoneal or oral administration of chloropicrin, urine is the major route for excretion of its metabolites, mostly (43-47%) within the first 24 h. The urinary metabolites at 24 h are polar and nonvolatile. 

Following an oral gavage for 90 days, the no-effect-dose is 8 mg kg day, with severe forestomach tissue lesions characterized by inflammation, necrosis, acantholysis, hyperkeratosis, and epithelial hyperplasia. Mice exposed to 8 ppm chloropicrin vapor for 6 h day for 5 days developed moderate to severe degeneration of the respiratory and olfactory epithelium as well as fibrosing peribronchitis and peribronchiolitis of the lung. 

Camite, CA, BBC. Used by French in solution in chloropicrin, also used by USA. Very effective war gas great persistence and lachrymatory power. Yellowish-white crystals, turn pink as they decompose. Technical product oily brown liquid, bp 242°C vapour pressure at 20°C 0.012 mmHg. Difficult to break down attacks metals but not glass. Very irritant minimal effective concentration 0.2 mg/m3 insupportable from 5 mg/m3. Said to be the most powerful lachrymator used in WWI about as potent as chloroacetophenone. Last lachrymator introduced in WWI 1918. Very persistent in soil. 

A. Acute irritant effects on the eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract are attributed to the added lacrimator chloropicrin. (Lethal exposures can occur without warning if chloropicrin has not been added.) Moderate skin exposure can result in dennatitis and, in severe cases, chemical bums. 

C. Decontamination (see p 46). Properly trained personnel should use self-contained breathing apparatus and chemical-protective clothing before entering contaminated areas. The absence of irritant effects from chloropicrin does not guarantee that It Is safe to enter without protection. 

Methyl bromide (bromomelhane [CAS 74-83-9]) Causes severe Irritation and burns upon direct contact. Vapors irritating to the lung pulmonary edema may result. The CNS, liver, and kidneys are major target organs acute poisoning causes nausea, vomiting, delirium, and convulsions. Both inhalation and skin exposure may cause systemic toxicity. Chronic exposures associated with peripheral neuropathy in humans. Evidence for adverse effects on fetal development in test animals. Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in test animals (lARC 3). See also p 263, and chloropicrin in this table. 

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