Chlorobenzene, naming

Kinetic and product studies were carried out on the reactions in dichloromethane for the reaction of chlorobenzene with chlorosulfonic acid, the electrophilic species was probably CIS2O6H. In the analogous reaction with benzene, unlike chlorobenzene, there was an induction period in the sulfonation. The sulfonating entity for the main reaction was concluded to be PhS206H.ClS03H, whereas for the initial reaction the electrophile was the same as for chlorobenzene, namely CIS2O6H. The sulfonation therefore may proceed as shown in Equations 35 and 36, in which the formation of the a-complex is the rate-decisive step. 

The name D.D.T. is derived from dichlorodiphenylfrichloroethane this is a misnomer since the name represents 27 different compounds. As commonly employed it refers to 2 2-6ts(p-chlorophenyl)-l 1 1-trichloroethane. It is conveniently prepared by the condensation of chlorobenzene and chloral hydrate in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid ... 

The first aromatic sulfone polymer produced commercially was introduced as Bakelite polysulfone but now is sold by Union Carbide under the trade name Udel. It is made by reaction of the disodium salt of bisphenol A (BPA) with 4,4 -dichIorodiphenyl sulfone in a mixed solvent of chlorobenzene and dimethyl sulfoxide (eq. 12). 

A Methylamino)phenol. This derivative, also named 4-hydroxy-/V-methy1ani1ine (19), forms needles from benzene which are slightly soluble in ethanol andinsoluble in diethyl ether. Industrial synthesis involves decarboxylation of A/-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycine [122-87-2] at elevated temperature in such solvents as chlorobenzene—cyclohexanone (184,185). It also can be prepared by the methylation of 4-aminophenol, or from methylamiae [74-89-5] by heating with 4-chlorophenol [106-48-9] and copper sulfate at 135°C in aqueous solution, or with hydroquinone [123-31 -9] 2l. 200—250°C in alcohoHc solution (186). 

When an aqueous solution containing hexachlorobenzene (150 nM) and a nonionic surfactant micelle (0.50 M Brij 58, a polyoxyethylene cetyl ether) was illuminated by a photo-reactor equipped with 253.7-nm monochromatic UV lamps, significant concentrations of pentachlorobenzene, all tetra-, tri-, and dichlorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, benzene, phenol, hydrogen, and chloride ions were formed. Two compounds, namely 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, formed in minor amounts (<40 ppb). The half-life for this reaction, based on... 

The chemical 1,4-di chlorobenzene is usually called para-DCB or p-DCB, but there are about 20 additional names for it, including para crystals and paracide. It is also called paramoth because it is one of two chemicals commonly used to make mothballs. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is used to make deodorant blocks used in garbage cans and restrooms, as well as to help control odors in animal-hoi ding facilities. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene has also been used as an insecticide on... 

Benzene derivatives are named by prefixing the name of the substituent group to the word benzene, e.g. chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene. Many benzene derivatives have trivial names, which may show no resemblance to the name of the attached substituent group, e.g. phenol, toluene and aniline. 

Recall Problem 3.1. You are the boss of an analytical laboratory and, this time, you check the numbers from the analysis of chlorobenzene in water samples of very different origins, namely (a) moderately contaminated groundwater, (b) seawater ([salt]tot 0.5 M), (c) water from a brine ([salt]tot = 5.0 M), and (d) leachate of a hazardous-waste site containing 40% (v v) methanol. For all samples, your laboratory reports the same chlorobenzene concentration of 10 ng IT1. Again the sample flasks were unfortunately not completely filled. This time, the 1 L flasks were filled with 400 mL liquid, and stored at 25°C before analysis. What were the original concentrations (in /J,g-L l) of chlorobenzene in the four samples ... 

Systematic name a name composed of syllables defining the structure of a compound e.g.. chlorobenzene. 2-methylhexane. 

The nitration of chlorobenzene is easier than the nitration of benzene and more difficult than the nitration of toluene. Trinitro-chlorobenzene (picryl chloride) can be prepared on the plant scale by the nitration of dinitrochlorobenzene, but the process is expensive of acid and leads to but few valuable explosives which cannot be procured more cheaply and more simply from dinitrochlorobenzene by other processes. Indeed, there are only two important explosives, namely TNB and hexanitrobiphenyl, for the preparation of which picryl chloride could be used advantageously if it were available in large amounts. In the laboratory, picryl chloride is best prepared by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on picric acid. 

Table 3-1 lists common synonyms, trade names and other pertinent identification information for chlorobenzene. 

Common Name 2-Bromochlorobenzene Synonym 2-bromo-l-chlorobenzene Chemical Name ... 

Chemical Name l-amino-2-chlorobenzene, o-chloroaniline, 2-chloroaniline... 

Chemical Name l-amino-3-chlorobenzene, m-chloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline... 

Chemical Name l-amino-4-chlorobenzene, p-chloroaniline, 4-chloroaniline... 

Chemical Name 1,1 -dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane 1,1 -(2,2-dichloroethylidene)bis[4-chlorobenzene Uses degradation product of DDT used as insecticide. 

Synonyms and trade names 4-chloronitrobenzene p-chloronitrobenzene PCNB PNCB p-nitrochlorobenzene l-chloro-4-nitrobenzene 4-nitro-chlorobenzene 4-chloronitrobenzene C6H4CINO2 (nitrobenzol, oil of mir-bane) nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 (nitrobenzol, oil of mirbane) o-nitrotolnene CH3C6H4NO2 (m-nitrotolnene, p-nitrotolnene)... 

Hallworth and Carless (1 ) discuss several possibilities for the effect of light liquid paraffin on the stability of emulsions with light petroleum or chlorobenzene as the main components. They seem to prefer an explanation previously advanced by them and several other authors for the effect of fatty alcohol, namely that the increased stability is due to the formation of an interfacial complex between the additive and sodium hexadecyl sulphate. The condenced mixed film will resist coalescence primarily by virtue of its rheological properties. With mixed films of the present type, the importance of the film viscoelasticity lies in its ability to maintain electrical repulsion between approaching droplets by preventing lateral displacement of the adsorbed ions. The effective paraffinic oil has chains at least as long as those of the alkyl sulphate and will be associated by van der Waals forces with the hydrocarbon chain of the alkyl sulphate at the interface. 

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